Banana (Musa spp.) is one of the world's most important fruits. In 2011, 145 million metric tons, worth an estimated $44 billion, were produced in over 130 countries. Fusarium wilt (also known as Panama disease) is one of the most destructive diseases of this crop. It devastated the 'Gros Michel'-based export trades before the mid-1900s, and threatens the Cavendish cultivars that were used to replace it; in total, the latter cultivars are now responsible for approximately 45% of all production. An overview of the disease and its causal agent, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, is presented below. Despite a substantial positive literature on biological, chemical, or cultural measures, management is largely restricted to excluding F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense from noninfested areas and using resistant cultivars where the pathogen has established. Resistance to Fusarium wilt is poor in several breeding targets, including important dessert and cooking cultivars. Better resistance to this and other diseases is needed. The history and impact of Fusarium wilt is summarized with an emphasis on tropical race 4 (TR4), a 'Cavendish'-killing variant of the pathogen that has spread dramatically in the Eastern Hemisphere.

https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PHYTO-04-15-0101-RVW

Fusarium Wilt of Banana

Banana production is seriously threatened by Fusarium wilt (FW), a disease caused by the soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). In the mid-twentieth century FW, also known as "Panama disease", wiped out the Gros Michel banana industry in Central America. The devastation caused by Foc race 1 was mitigated by a shift to resistant Cavendish cultivars, which are currently the source of 99% of banana exports. However, a new strain of Foc, the tropical race 4 (TR4), attacks Cavendish clones and a diverse range of other banana varieties. Foc TR4 has been restricted to East and parts of Southeast Asia for more than 20 years, but since 2010 the disease has spread westward into five additional countries in Southeast and South Asia (Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, India, and Pakistan) and at the transcontinental level into the Middle East (Oman, Jordan, Lebanon, and Israel) and Africa (Mozambique). The spread of Foc TR4 is of great concern due to the limited knowledge about key aspects of disease epidemiology and the lack of effective management models, including resistant varieties and soil management approaches. In this review we summarize the current knowledge on the epidemiology of FW of banana, highlighting knowledge gaps in pathogen survival and dispersal, factors driving disease intensity, soil and plant microbiome and the dynamics of the disease. Comparisons with FW in other crops were also made to indicate possible differences and commonalities. Our current understanding of the role of main biotic and abiotic factors on disease intensity is reviewed, highlighting research needs and futures directions. Finally, a set of practices and their impact on disease intensity are discussed and proposed as an integrative management approach that could eventually be used by a range of users, including plant protection organizations, researchers, extension workers and growers.

/pdf/fusarium-wilt-of-banana-current-knowledge-on-epidemiology-3o7qqwzfld.pdf

Fusarium wilt of banana: Current knowledge on epidemiology and research needs toward sustainable disease management

http://doc.rero.ch/record/257083/files/met_ros.pdf

Reactive oxygen species and plant resistance to fungal pathogens.

https://www.cell.com/trends/plant-science/pdf/S1360-1385(14)00248-9.pdf

What lies beneath: belowground defense strategies in plants

Infection stages of charcoal rot fungus Macrophomina phaseolina in sesame revealed for the first time a transition from biotrophy via BNS (biotrophy-to-necrotrophy switch) to necrotrophy as confirmed by transcriptional studies. Microscopy using normal and GFP-expressing pathogen showed typical constricted thick intercellular bitrophic hyphae which gave rise to thin intracellular necrotrophic hyphae during BNS and this stage was delayed in a resistant host. Results also show that as the pathogen switched its strategy of infection, the host tailored its defense strategy to meet the changing situation. Less ROS accumulation, upregulation of ROS signaling genes and higher antioxidant enzyme activities post BNS resulted in resistance. There was greater accumulation of secondary metabolites and upregulation of secondary metabolite-related genes after BNS. A total of twenty genes functioning in different aspects of plant defense that were monitored over a time course during the changing infection phases showed a coordinated response. Experiments using phytohormone priming and phytohormone inhibitors showed that resistance resulted from activation of JA-ET signaling pathway. Most importantly this defense response was more prompt in the resistant than the susceptible host indicating that a resistant host makes different choices from a susceptible host during infection which ultimately influences the severity of the disease.

/pdf/biotrophy-necrotrophy-switch-in-pathogen-evoke-differential-220w5dk62k.pdf

Biotrophy-necrotrophy switch in pathogen evoke differential response in resistant and susceptible sesame involving multiple signaling pathways at different phases.

Birth asphyxia causes hypoxia or inadequate perfusion to the organs of newborns, leading to metabolism dysfunctions including blood glucose disorders.Neonates with and without birth asphyxia were retrospectively recruited from 53 hospitals in Hubei Province from January 1 to December 31, 2018. In summary, 875, 1139, and 180 cases in the control group, the mild asphyxia group, and the severe asphyxia group were recruited, respectively. Neonatal blood glucose values at postnatal 1, 2, 6, and 12 h (time error within 0.5 h was allowed) were gathered from the medical records.The incidence rates of hyperglycemia in the control group, the mild asphyxia group and the severe asphyxia group were 2.97%, 7.90%, and 23.33%, respectively (p < 0.001). Additionally, the incidence rates of hypoglycemia in the three groups above were 3.66%, 4.13%, and 7.78%, respectively (p = 0.042). The blood glucose values of neonates with hypoglycemia in the asphyxia group were lower than in the control group (p = 0.003). Furthermore, the blood glucose values of neonates with hyperglycemia were highest in the severe asphyxia group (p < 0.001). There were 778 and 117 cases with blood glucose records at four predefined time points in the mild and severe asphyxia group, respectively. The incidence of blood glucose disorders in the mild asphyxia group significantly decreased from postnatal 6 h (p＜0.05). However, we found no obvious changes of the incidence of glucose disorders within postnatal 12 h in the severe asphyxia group (p = 0.589).Birth asphyxia is likely to cause neonatal blood glucose disorders, both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, during the early postnatal life. The neonates with severe asphyxia have higher incidence, worse severity and longer duration of blood glucose disorders than neonates with mild asphyxia. 

Effect of birth asphyxia on neonatal blood glucose during the early postnatal life: A multi-center study in Hubei Province, China.

Banana streak virus (BSV) is the causal agent of the most prevalent diseases in banana and causes serious economic losses to banana production worldwide. To examine variability in BSV, 65 isolates were obtained from 99 samples collected from Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi and Yunnan provinces in South China. The 65 BSV isolates shared 62.8–97.8% nt identity over the RT/RNase H regions when compared to eight BSV species with published complete genomes. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses based on the RT/RNase H region indicated that there was great genetic diversity among BSV isolates in South China, and some isolates belonged to species of badnavirus that had never before been reported in China, including banana streak OL virus (BSOLV) (DN6–2), banana streak IM virus (BSIMV) (DN1–7 and DN5–1), and banana streak VN virus (BSVNV) (YLJ-8). The full genomes of two isolates (DN5–1and DN5–4) were cloned and sequenced. The genetic characteristics of both isolates were very close to those of typical badnaviruses. Based on percentage nucleotide sequence identity and phylogenetic relationships, DN5–1 was categorized as BSIMV. Interestingly, while DN5–4 was similar to both sugarcane bacilliform viruses (SCBVs) and BSVs based on sequence identities of the RT/RNase H region, analysis of its complete sequence and genome organization revealed that it can be further classified as sugarcane bacilliform Guadeloupe A virus-2 (SCBGAV-2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of natural infection of banana by SCBGAV-2 in China. In addition, our results suggest that considering the complete genomic sequence rather than the RT/RNase H region alone is important when classifying badnavirus isolates.

Genetic diversity analysis reveals new badnaviruses infecting banana in South China

Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) (the genus Babuvirus, the family Nanoviridae) is a single-stranded circular DNA virus with a genome composed of six components designated as DNA-R, -U3, -S, -M, -C, and -N. This study analyzed the nucleotide identities of the DNA-R of 23 isolates from banana-producing provinces of China, including Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, and Yunnan. Results showed that the nucleotide identity of DNA-R was 72.3-100%. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these BBTV isolates were clustered in different subgroups within the Asian group (AG). Sequence analysis of the five other components (DNA -U3, -S, -M, -C, and -N) of the five isolates from China confirmed the results established for DNA-R of these BBTV isolates. This study suggested that the variation of DNA-R from Chinese BBTV isolates was considerably higher than the variation of other AG isolates, but their genetic diversity was low.

/pdf/genetic-diversity-of-banana-bunchy-top-virus-isolates-from-24zlk0u77v.pdf

Genetic diversity of banana bunchy top virus isolates from China

Banana wilt disease, caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense 4 (Foc4), is regarded as one of the most devastating diseases worldwide. Cavendish cultivar ‘Yueyoukang 1’ was shown to have significantly lower disease severity and incidence compared with susceptible cultivar ‘Brazilian’ in greenhouse and field trials. De novo sequencing technology was previously performed to investigate defense mechanism in middle resistant ‘Nongke No 1’ banana, but not in highly resistant cultivar ‘Yueyoukang 1’. To gain more insights into the resistance mechanism in banana against Foc4, Illumina Solexa sequencing technology was utilized to perform transcriptome sequencing of ‘Yueyoukang 1’ and ‘Brazilian’ and characterize gene expression profile changes in the both two cultivars at days 0.5, 1, 3, 5 and 10 after infection with Foc4. The results showed that more massive transcriptional reprogramming occurs due to Foc4 treatment in ‘Yueyoukang 1’ than ‘Brazilian’, especially at the first three time points, which suggested that ‘Yueyoukang 1’ had much faster defense response against Foc4 infection than ‘Brazilian’. Expression patterns of genes involved in ‘Plant-pathogen interaction’ and ‘Plant hormone signal transduction’ pathways were analyzed and compared between the two cultivars. Defense genes associated with CEBiP, BAK1, NB-LRR proteins, PR proteins, transcription factor and cell wall lignification were expressed stronger in ‘Yueyoukang 1’ than ‘Brazilian’, indicating that these genes play important roles in banana against Foc4 infection. However, genes related to hypersensitive reaction (HR) and senescence were up-regulated in ‘Brazilian’ but down-regulated in ‘Yueyoukang 1’, which suggested that HR and senescence may contribute to Foc4 infection. In addition, the resistance mechanism in highly resistant ‘Yueyoukang 1’ was found to differ from that in middle resistant ‘Nongke No 1’ banana. These results explain the resistance in the highly resistant cultivar and provide more insights in understanding the compatible and incompatible interactions between banana and Foc4.

/pdf/transcriptome-and-expression-profile-analysis-of-highly-9rmcromw3o.pdf

Transcriptome and expression profile analysis of highly resistant and susceptible banana roots challenged with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4.

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Effect of birth asphyxia on neonatal blood glucose during the early postnatal life: A multi-center study in Hubei Province, China.

Genetic diversity analysis reveals new badnaviruses infecting banana in South China

Genetic diversity of banana bunchy top virus isolates from China

Transcriptome and expression profile analysis of highly resistant and susceptible banana roots challenged with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4.