Tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1), a copper-containing enzyme, can cause enzymatic browning in raw fruits, vegetables, and beverages. Browning is an undesirable reaction that is responsible for less attractive appearance and loss in nutritional quality. These phenomena have encouraged researchers to seek new potent tyrosinase inhibitors for use in the food industry. This article reviews recent studies on tyrosinase inhibitors of natural and synthetic origins. The information offered here should help food industry in developing and using potential tyrosinase inhibitors desirable efficacy and safety, and for improving food quality.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2012.00191.x

Natural and Synthetic Tyrosinase Inhibitors as Antibrowning Agents: An Update

Since the methylenecyclopropane moiety is found in many biologically active natural substances, the synthesis of methylene- and alkylidenecyclopropanes remains a considerable challenge. In addition, an attractive feature is their surprising stability, accompanied by a high level of strain, conferring on them an otherwise unattainable chemical reactivity. The growing interest in the chemistry of these compounds has in its turn stimulated the development of alternative approaches to their skeleton, aimed at selectively introducing structural and chemical diversification. The three principal methods to synthesize these important compounds are based on the formation of the cyclopropane ring, the use of preformed cyclopropanes, and the use of preformed methylene- and alkylidenecyclopropanes.

Synthesis of Methylene‐ and Alkylidenecyclopropane Derivatives

In this report, we present a simple electrochemical detection protocol for the detection of specific PCR-amplified DNA fragments, based on incorporation of biotin tags into DNA amplicons during PCR run in the presence of a biotinylated nucleoside triphosphate. For detection, an enzyme-linked electrochemical system involving streptavidin–alkaline phosphatase conjugate attached to the biotinylated DNA, adsorbed at the surface of a disposable pencil graphite electrode, is used. The enzyme converts an inactive indicator, 1-naphthyl phosphate, into electrochemically oxidizable indicator 1-naphthol that is subsequently detected. Excellent selectivity of this fast, facile, and inexpensive analysis not requiring any sophisticated electrode modification and its applicability for off-line monitoring of DNA amplification is demonstrated. Applications of the technique include detection of the presence of specific nucleotide sequences in biological samples, such as sequences related to pathogenic microorganism or transgenes.

Enzyme-linked electrochemical detection of DNA fragments amplified by PCR in the presence of a biotinylated deoxynucleoside triphosphate using disposable pencil graphite electrodes

Chitinase and -1, 3-glucanase genes were amplified by PCR procedures and subcloned into an expression vector Pet-28a(+), the prokanyo expression vector of the both genes were constructed and named pETChi and pETGlu, respectively. A SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that chitinase and -1, 3-glucanase genes were expressed highly in E. coli BL21 after induced by IPTG. Challenged with Alternaria alternate showed that chitinase and -1, 3-glucanase genes had good resistance to the pathogenic fungus.

Studies on cloning and expression of the -1, 3-Glucanase and chitinase genes and their potential for fungal resistance

Electrochemical DNA hybridization sensors applied to real and complex biological samples.

5′-Thiol-derivatized specific DNA probes were added to the single primer polymerase chain reaction (asymmetric PCR) solution In the PCR process, the DNA probes extended in the presence of target; the extended probes were then immobilized on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) via gold nanoparticles Finally, methylene blue and the extended probes were combined and the electrochemical signals were measured This signal was higher than that of the GCE modified only by the original probe When there was no target in PCR solution, the probe did not extend and the signal did not increase The specific sequences of the β-1,3-glucanase gene were detected successfully from three targets with different length: oligonucleotide, molecule clone vector DNA, and total genome DNA of transgenic capsicum The detection limits of 26 × 10−13, 78 × 10−13, and 91 × 10−13 moll−1 for oligonucleotide, molecule clone vector DNA, and total transgenic capsicum genome DNA were estimated

An electrochemical assay of beta-1,3-glucanase gene from transgenic capsicum using asymmetric PCR.

Electrochemical detection of β-1,3-glucanase gene from transgenic capsicums using asymmetric PCR generated by a detecting probe and an anchoring probe

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An electrochemical assay of beta-1,3-glucanase gene from transgenic capsicum using asymmetric PCR.

Electrochemical detection of β-1,3-glucanase gene from transgenic capsicums using asymmetric PCR generated by a detecting probe and an anchoring probe