Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based polyester loose nanofiltration (LNF) membranes present an ideal material for achieving dye/salt separation from dye/salt mixtures. Owing to the intrinsic features of the material, PVA with varying degrees of alcoholysis may exhibit different roles and functions, allowing for performance tailoring in PVA-based LNF membranes. In this work, we have demonstrated a facile approach for regulating the performance of polyester (PE) LNF membranes by tailoring the degree of alcoholysis. Stopped-flow mass spectrometry and various characterization techniques showed that an increase in the degree of alcoholysis accelerates reaction rates, increases reaction heat release, and boosts nanobubble formation during interfacial polymerization. The resulting LNF membrane featuring folds and a dense PE film demonstrated a permeance of 44.9 L m-2h−1 bar−1 and a CR/Na2SO4 selectivity of 240, as well as satisfactory stability, showing dye/salt separation performance superior to that of other LNF membranes. This work provides novel insights into tailoring high-performance LNF membranes for selective salt/dye separation. 

Poly(vinyl alcohol)-based polyester nanofiltration membranes for fractionation of dye/salt mixtures: Alcoholysis degree matters

Non-polyamide nanofiltration (NPA-NF) membrane: A non-mainstream but indispensable member of the “membrane family”

Nanofiltration is a membrane separation technology that efficiently separates neutral/charged solutes with little energy consumption. Reusing or treating wastewater is one of the most efficient ways to help the environment. When it comes to concentration polarization, membrane fouling, and selective permeation, however, commercial thin film composite (TFC) nanofiltration membranes exhibit more severe trade-off effects. Here, we build a TFN membrane by dispersing tannic acid (TA)-functionalized MXene (Ti3C2TX) nanosheets into the aqueous phase and incorporating them into the polyamide surface layer by interfacial polymerization. The produced membrane has been shown by a number of chemical and structural investigations to be not only porous, hydrophilic, and negatively charged but also capable of constructing transport channels in the separating layer, hence lowering the barrier to mass transfer. Changes in TA/MXene ratio and MXene nanosheet concentration allowed for fine-tuning of TMNF-TFNs membrane characteristics. Specifically, the results show that the enhanced membrane has a high water flow of 16.6 L m–2 h–1 bar–1 and a high rejection rate of divalent ions (MgSO4, Na2SO4). Important for real-world applications, the TMNF-TFN membrane also displays outstanding antifouling durability and long stability. 

Thin Film Nanocomposite Membranes with Tannic Acid Functionalized MXene Nanosheets for High-Performance Nanofiltration

Positively charged nanofiltration membranes offer significant advantages in separating positively charged substances. The key to developing high-performance positively charged nanofiltration membranes lies in the acquisition and modulation of positive charge during membrane preparation. This review provides a review of recent literature on the preparation and application of positively charged nanofiltration membranes. The preparation methods of positively charged nanofiltration membranes were firstly summarized, including interfacial polymerization, phase conversion, self-assembly, co-deposition, chemical cross-linking, filtration deposition, etc. In addition, the main applications of positively charged nanofiltration membranes are presented, such as magnesium‑lithium separation, lithium recovery from the spent lithium-ion batteries, heavy metal removal, nuclear wastewater decontamination, hardness ion removal, dye separation, micropollutant removal and other emerging separation areas. This review focuses on the generation and manipulation strategies of positive charges in different preparation processes. The existing challenges and future directions in this field were also discusses. The review aims to provide guidance and inspiration for the preparation and application of positively charged nanofiltration membranes. 

Preparation of positively charged nanofiltration membranes: Manipulation of the positive charge

Graphite is a promising and futuristic mineral that is envisaged to cause not only technological shift but also cultural shift in the days to come. Besides several applications, it is considered one of the critical raw materials for electric vehicle battery that has accelerated recent surge in the demand. However, the beneficiation of graphite ore is pivotal as it accounts for the quality, market price and suitability for various technological applications including energy storage in lithium-ion batteries. Since graphite is spontaneously hydrophobic (like coal) in nature, flotation is the common and apt technique for beneficiation of graphite ore. In this study, the research and development on the graphite beneficiation techniques especially flotation reported by several learned research groups in the world has been discussed and presented. The study provides updated insights on the state of the art and helps to understand the gaps which needs to be addressed to devise improved flotation methodology. The extent to which suitability of some orthodox coal flotation techniques towards graphite beneficiation also come to the fore. Based on several significant reported beneficiation methods, a master flow sheet for graphite beneficiation has been developed and presented that comprises various modules capable of dealing with wide range of graphite ores. The significance of this study is not only limited to the critical discussions pertaining to the preliminary and necessary flotation step of graphite ore but also speaks about the world-wide preparedness and prescribes opportunity to join the mission mode programme of energy storage. 

Literature quest and survey on graphite beneficiation through flotation

Stability of layer-by-layer nanofiltration membranes in highly saline streams

Extrinsic compensation on separation performance of layer-by-layer nanofiltration membranes

The effect of overconsolidation on the monotonic shearing resistance of three nonplastic soils (a clean sand, a clean sand and fine tailings mixture, and a fine tailings) was examined using...

SHANSEP-Based Interpretation of Overconsolidation Effect on Monotonic Shearing Resistance of Contractive Nonplastic Soils

Effect of Overconsolidation on Cyclic Resistance of Soils

Blockchains have ushered in the next stage in the evolution of the Internet, transitioning us from Web 2.0 to 3.0. However, given the complex nature of this innovative technology and the inability to clearly measure and properly communicate the risks in blockchains, arguably this murkiness has hampered the development, growth, proper regulation, and, ultimately, the true societal beneficial contributions of blockchains. In an attempt to clear the confusion, the authors propose the Johns Hopkins Blockchain Risk Map. The authors present their risk map prototype, their current multidimensional exhibit of risks across the various stakeholders, and their current modest progress with some data on their current risk measures. The authors are attempting to create a safe space whereby blockchain risks are defined, displayed, debated, researched, fine-tuned, standardized, and freely shared. The authors believe that such a platform would be an ideal mechanism for education, networking, and collaboration for the next generation, specifically those who are underrepresented in the current blockchain development community. By increasing the transparency and debating risk issues in a safe academic environment, the authors hope that this risk map will help move blockchain adoption forward and spur more entrepreneurial activity across this industry. In this article, the authors lay down their initial thoughts and current progress and challenges. Although this article is in no way exhaustive, the authors provide several categorizations of blockchain risks: operational, decentralization, security, social sentiment, investment, and systemic, to name a few.

The Complexity of Blockchain Risks Simplified and Displayed: Introduction of the Johns Hopkins Blockchain Risk Map

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