In recent years, almost all extraction processes in the perfume, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, food ingredients, nutraceuticals, biofuel and fine chemical industries rely massively on solvents, the majority of which have petroleum origins. The intricate processing steps involved in the industrial extraction cycle makes it increasingly difficult to predict the overall environmental impact; despite the tremendous energy consumption and the substantial usage of solvents, often the yields are indicated in decimals. The ideal alternative solvents suitable for green extraction should have high solvency, high flash points with low toxicity and low environmental impacts, be easily biodegradable, obtained from renewable (non-petrochemical) resources at a reasonable price and should be easy to recycle without any deleterious effect to the environment. Finding the perfect solvent that meets all the aforementioned requirements is a challenging task, thus the decision for the optimum solvent will always be a compromise depending on the process, the plant and the target molecules. The objective of this comprehensive review is to furnish a vivid picture of current knowledge on alternative, green solvents used in laboratories and industries alike for the extraction of natural products focusing on original methods, innovation, protocols, and development of safe products.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/16/3007/pdf

Review of Alternative Solvents for Green Extraction of Food and Natural Products: Panorama, Principles, Applications and Prospects.

Recently, deep eutectic solvent (DES) or ionic liquid (IL) analogues have been considered as the newest green solvent, demonstrating the potential to replace harsh volatile organic solvents. DESs are mainly a combination of two compounds: hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and hydrogen bond donor (HBD), which have the ability to interact through extensive hydrogen bonds. A thorough understanding of their physicochemical properties is essential, given their successful applications on an industrial scale. The appropriate blend of HBA to HBD can easily fine-tune DES properties for desired applications. In this context, we have reviewed the basic information related to DESs, the two most studied physicochemical properties (density and viscosity), and their performance as a solvent in (i) drug delivery and (ii) extraction of biomolecules. A broader approach of various factors affecting their performance has been considered, giving a detailed picture of the current status of DESs in research and development.

/pdf/revisiting-the-physicochemical-properties-and-applications-3piyc16j.pdf

Revisiting the Physicochemical Properties and Applications of Deep Eutectic Solvents

Natural products from plants were extracted and widely studied for their activities against many disease conditions. The selection of the extracting solvent is crucial to develop selective and effective methods for the extraction and isolation of target compounds in the plant matrices. Pharmacological properties of plant extracts and their bioactive principles are related to their excellent solubility, stability, and bioavailability when administered by different routes. This review aims to critically analyze natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) as green solvents in their application to improve the extraction performance of plant metabolites in terms of their extractability besides the stability, bioactivity, solubility, and bioavailability. Herein, the opportunities for NADES to be used in pharmaceutical formulations development including plant metabolites-based nutraceuticals are discussed.

Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES): Phytochemical Extraction Performance Enhancer for Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Product Development

The present review article attempts to summarize the use of deep eutectic solvents in the extraction of flavonoids, one of the most important classes of plant secondary metabolites. All of the applications reviewed have reported success in isolation and extraction of the target compounds; competitive, if not superior, extraction rates compared with conventional solvents; and satisfactory behavior of the extract in the latter applications (such as direct analysis, synthesis, or catalysis), wherever attempted.

Deep Eutectic Solvents as Extraction Media for Valuable Flavonoids from Natural Sources

In this work, a review about the applicability of eutectic solvents, mainly deep eutectic solvents (DES) and natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES), for the extraction of bioactive compounds from natural products has been carried out These alternative solvents have shown not only to have high extraction yields but also to be environmentally friendly, exhibiting very low or almost no toxicity, compared to conventional organic solvents The last trends and main extraction methods that have been most widely used in studies using these emerging solvents have been reviewed, as well as the varied natural sources in which they have been used, including agro-food by-products Besides the toxicity, biodegradability of these solvents is reviewed Likewise, different reported bioactivity tests have been included, in which extracts obtained with these ecological solvents have been tested from antioxidant activity analysis to in vivo studies with rats, through in vitro cytotoxicity tests

/pdf/deep-eutectic-solvents-for-the-extraction-of-bioactive-2j51oq3y4i.pdf

Deep eutectic solvents for the extraction of bioactive compounds from natural sources and agricultural by-products

Solubility improvement of phytochemicals using (natural) deep eutectic solvents and their bioactivity evaluation

Deep eutectic solvent (DES)/water mixture as alternative extraction solvent was proposed for the efficient extraction of Ginkgo flavonoids from Ginkgo biloba leaves. Fifty DESs were prepared and investigated for the extraction of Ginkgo flavonoids. Compared with the present most efficient extraction solvent (70 % ethanol in water), three DESs, choline chloride/1,3-butanediol (ChCl/B), choline chloride/levulinic acid (ChCl/LA1), and 1,2-propanediol/levulinic acid (P/LA1), gave obviously higher extraction yields. The extraction process was further optimized systematically. The optimized extraction conditions were as follows: ChCl/LA1 containing 40 % (w/w) water was used as the solvent to extract Ginkgo flavonoids at a solvent to solid ratio of 10:1 (v/w) with stirring at 50 °C and 150 rpm for 15 min. Under the optimal conditions, 99.87 % of Ginkgo flavonoids could be extracted from the Ginkgo biloba leaves powder at a time. Furthermore, the recovery of Ginkgo flavonoids in the DES extraction solution was efficiently achieved using macroporous resin AB-8, which gave a recovery yield of 93.7 %. The DES-based extraction combined with macroporous resin recovery developed in this work can be an efficient alternative method for the extraction and separation of Ginkgo flavonoids from Ginkgo biloba leaves.

/pdf/efficient-extraction-of-bioactive-flavonoids-from-ginkgo-29jwtodorv.pdf

Efficient Extraction of Bioactive Flavonoids from Ginkgo biloba Leaves Using Deep Eutectic Solvent/Water Mixture as Green Media

In this study, we investigated the feasibility of Ginkgo biloba seeds powder by solid-state fermentation with Eurotium cristatum for developing high-value ginkgo seeds products. The optimum fermentation medium was consisted of 10 g of 40-mesh ginkgo seeds powder loaded in 100 mL Erlenmeyer flask with 50% (w/w) of water content, 4% (w/w) of MgSO4 and 5% (w/w) of KH2PO4 addition. The optimum fermentation conditions were pH 5.0, 2 × 108 CFU/g of inoculum size, 3 mL of sterilized water supplemented every two days during the four days of fermentation. Through fermentation, the spore number of E. cristatum was improved by about 36 times with the production of lovastatin reaching (54.10±0.16) µg/g. The antioxidant activity of fermented ginkgo seeds powder also got obvious enhancement, which could help eliminate excess free radicals produced by normal metabolism. The content of free amino acids increased by 82.32%. Except that the sugar was consumed in some degree, the other nutritional and functional components were well preserved while the content of detrimental ginkgolic acids was reduced by 44.97%. In addition, fermented ginkgo seeds powder possessed better digestibility and showed pleasant orange-like smelling. In conclusion, the quality of ginkgo seeds powder was remarkably improved through solid-state fermentation by using E. cristatum, which could be a promising way for functional applications of ginkgo seeds.

Improvement of quality of Ginkgo biloba seeds powder by solid-state fermentation with Eurotium cristatum for developing high-value ginkgo seeds products

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Solubility improvement of phytochemicals using (natural) deep eutectic solvents and their bioactivity evaluation

Efficient Extraction of Bioactive Flavonoids from Ginkgo biloba Leaves Using Deep Eutectic Solvent/Water Mixture as Green Media

Improvement of quality of Ginkgo biloba seeds powder by solid-state fermentation with Eurotium cristatum for developing high-value ginkgo seeds products