Hydrogen is a clean, versatile, and energy-dense fuel that has the potential to play a key role in a low-carbon energy future. However, realizing this potential requires the development of efficient and cost-effective hydrogen generation and storage technologies. Hydrogen can be generated from a variety of sources, including fossil fuels, biomass, and renewable energy sources such as solar and wind. In regard to the renewable energy sources, this paper presents a review of the state-of-the-art in hydrogen generation methods including water electrolysis, gasification, dark fermentation, steam reforming, photocatalytic water splitting and water thermolysis. Further, this paper presents a review of the various hydrogen storage methods, including compression, liquefaction, liquid organic carriers, and solid-state storage. These technologies offer the potential for improved efficiency, safety, and environmental performance, and may play a key role in the transition to a hydrogen-based energy system. Finally, the advantages and challenges of hydrogen energy, and future perspectives on the improvement of hydrogen storage methods are well emphasized. Overall, the development of efficient and cost-effective hydrogen generation and storage technologies is essential for the widespread adoption of hydrogen as a clean energy source. Continued research and development in this field will be critical to advancing the state-of-the-art and realizing the full potential of hydrogen as a key element in a sustainable energy future. 

State-of-the-art hydrogen generation techniques and storage methods: A critical review

An overview of deep eutectic solvents: Alternative for organic electrolytes, aqueous systems & ionic liquids for electrochemical energy storage

Biomass-enhanced Janus sponge-like hydrogel with salt resistance and high strength for efficient solar desalination

The remarkable surge in energy demand has compelled the quest for high-energy-density battery systems. The Li–O2 battery (LOB) and Li–air battery (LAB), owing to their extremely high theoretical energy density, have attracted extensive research in the past two decades. The commercial development of LOB is hampered due to the numerous challenges its components present. Ionic liquids (ILs) are considered potential electrolyte solvents of LOBs and LABs due to their excellent electrochemical stability, thermal stability, non-flammability, low flammability, and O2 solubility. In addition to electrolyte solvents, ILs also have other applications in LOB and LAB systems. This review reports the progress of IL-based LOBs and LABs over the years since treported for the first time in 2005. The impact of the physiochemical properties of ILs on the performance of LOB and LAB at various operating conditions is thoroughly discussed. The various methodologies are also summarized that are employed to tune ILs’ physiochemical properties to render them more favorable for rechargeable lithium batteries. Tunable properties of ILs create the possibility of designing cost-effective batteries with excellent safety, high energy density and high power density, and long-term stability. 

Li–O2/Air Batteries Using Ionic Liquids – A Comprehensive Review

Hollow multishelled structures (HoMSs) are attracting great interest in lithium‐ion batteries as the conversion anodes, owing to their superior buffering effect and mechanical stability. Given the synthetic challenges, especially elemental diffusion barrier in the multimetal combinations, this complex structure design has been realized in low‐ and medium‐entropy compounds so far. It means that poor reaction reversibility and low intrinsic conductivity remain largely unresolved. Here, a hollow multishelled (LiFeZnNiCoMn)3O4 high entropy oxide (HEO) is developed through integrating molecule and microstructure engineering. As expected, the HoMS design exhibits significant targeting functionality, yielding satisfactory structure and cycling stability. Meanwhile, the abundant oxygen defects and optimized electronic structure of HEO accelerate the lithiation kinetics, while the retention of the parent lattice matrix enables reversible lithium storage, which is validated by rigorous in situ tests and theoretical simulations. Benefiting from these combined properties, such hollow multishelled HEO anode can deliver a specific capacity of 967 mAh g−1 (89% capacity retention) after 500 cycles at 0.5 A g−1. The synergistic lattice and volume stability showcased in this work holds great promise in guiding the material innovations for the next‐generation energy storage devices.

Intergrating Hollow Multishelled Structure and High Entropy Engineering Towards Enhanced Mechano-Electrochemical Properties in Lithium Battery.

Ionic liquids (ILs) feature excellent thermal stability, high safety, high conductivity, wide electrochemical window, low vapor pressure, structural designability, and noncombustibility. For secondary batteries serving as green electrolyte solvents, their performance, including thermal stability and capacity, can be greatly improved. Therefore, the application of an ionic liquid in a battery has increasingly become a hot spot for current research. To better understand the roles that ILs play in battery systems, this review on ILs as electrolytes is categorized into several parts: solvents for related electrolyte salts; compounded with conventional electrolytes; IL-based polymer electrolytes; functionalized ILs; and other IL-based solid electrolytes that are expected to be alternatives for organic solvents. The progress of research related to ILs in battery systems, the prospects of their applications, and the development aspects are discussed. 

Challenges and Opportunities of Ionic Liquid Electrolytes for Rechargeable Batteries

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have fallen short of expectation in terms of energy density compared to conventional lithium-ion batteries, and the theoretical energy density of the anode material plays a crucial role. Materials with high equilibrium effective specific surface area and mass transport could be promising to solve the dilemma. Herein, we develop a tactic to synthesize carbonaceous microspheres (CMSs, 13 μm) utilizing cobalt acetate tetrahydrate as the catalyst. Six-shelled NiCo2O4 hollow multishelled structures (6S-NiCo2O4-HoMSs) have been realized for the first time based on the alkali-treated CMS (ATCMS) template with nanoporous structures. Precisely, low-dimensional nanostructures enable more electroactive sites, smaller local current density, and shorter diffusion paths for both ions and electrons. The particular hollow multishelled structure serves to buffer the volume expansion, reduce the stress and strain to permit more uniform lithium deposition, and improve the cycle stability of the battery. 

Hollow Nanoporous Multishelled NiCo2O4 Spheres for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Smart heat isolator with hollow multishelled structures

Synthesis of CdSe Nanowires and CuInSe2 Nanosheets for Hydrogen Evolution

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Challenges and Opportunities of Ionic Liquid Electrolytes for Rechargeable Batteries

Hollow Nanoporous Multishelled NiCo2O4 Spheres for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Smart heat isolator with hollow multishelled structures

Synthesis of CdSe Nanowires and CuInSe2 Nanosheets for Hydrogen Evolution