A review was presented to demonstrate a historical description of the synthesis of light-emitting conjugated polymers for applications in electroluminescent devices. Electroluminescence (EL) was first reported in poly(para-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) in 1990 and researchers continued to make significant efforts to develop conjugated materials as the active units in light-emitting devices (LED) to be used in display applications. Conjugated oligomers were used as luminescent materials and as models for conjugated polymers in the review. Oligomers were used to demonstrate a structure and property relationship to determine a key polymer property or to demonstrate a technique that was to be applied to polymers. The review focused on demonstrating the way polymer structures were made and the way their properties were controlled by intelligent and rational and synthetic design.

Synthesis of Light-Emitting Conjugated Polymers for Applications in Electroluminescent Devices

This article is written from an organic chemist's point of view and provides an up-to-date review about organic solar cells based on small molecules or oligomers as absorbers and in detail deals with devices that incorporate planar-heterojunctions (PHJ) and bulk heterojunctions (BHJ) between a donor (p-type semiconductor) and an acceptor (n-type semiconductor) material. The article pays particular attention to the design and development of molecular materials and their performance in corresponding devices. In recent years, a substantial amount of both, academic and industrial research, has been directed towards organic solar cells, in an effort to develop new materials and to improve their tunability, processability, power conversion efficiency, and stability. On the eve of commercialization of organic solar cells, this review provides an overview over efficiencies attained with small molecules/oligomers in OSCs and reflects materials and device concepts developed over the last decade. Approaches to enhancing the efficiency of organic solar cells are analyzed.

Small molecule organic semiconductors on the move: promises for future solar energy technology.

The design of nanoparticles is critical for their efficient use in many applications ranging from biomedicine to sensing and energy. While shape and size are responsible for the properties of the inorganic nanoparticle core, the choice of ligands is of utmost importance for the colloidal stability and function of the nanoparticles. Moreover, the selection of ligands employed in nanoparticle synthesis can determine their final size and shape. Ligands added after nanoparticle synthesis infer both new properties as well as provide enhanced colloidal stability. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review on the role of the ligands with respect to the nanoparticle morphology, stability, and function. We analyze the interaction of nanoparticle surface and ligands with different chemical groups, the types of bonding, the final dispersibility of ligand-coated nanoparticles in complex media, their reactivity, and their performance in biomedicine, photodetectors, photovoltaic devices, light-emitting devices, sensors, memory devices, thermoelectric applications, and catalysis.

The Role of Ligands in the Chemical Synthesis and Applications of Inorganic Nanoparticles.

This review captures the synthesis, assembly, properties, and applications of copper chalcogenide NCs, which have achieved significant research interest in the last decade due to their compositional and structural versatility. The outstanding functional properties of these materials stems from the relationship between their band structure and defect concentration, including charge carrier concentration and electronic conductivity character, which consequently affects their optoelectronic, optical, and plasmonic properties. This, combined with several metastable crystal phases and stoichiometries and the low energy of formation of defects, makes the reproducible synthesis of these materials, with tunable parameters, remarkable. Further to this, the review captures the progress of the hierarchical assembly of these NCs, which bridges the link between their discrete and collective properties. Their ubiquitous application set has cross-cut energy conversion (photovoltaics, photocatalysis, thermoelectrics), en...

Compound Copper Chalcogenide Nanocrystals

The rapidly expanding field of polymer and organic solar cells is reviewed in the context of materials, processes and devices that significantly deviate from the standard approach which involves rigid glass substrates, indium-tin-oxide electrodes, spincoated layers of conjugated polymer/fullerene mixtures and evaporated metal electrodes in a flat multilayer geometry. It is likely that significant advances can be found by pursuing many of these novel ideas further and the purpose of this review is to highlight these reports and hopefully spark new interest in materials and methods that may be performing less than the current state-of-the-art in their present form but that may have the potential to outperform these pending a larger investment in effort.

Advanced materials and processes for polymer solar cell devices

A facile method for the synthesis of size- and shape-controlled CuInS2 semiconductor nanocrystals was developed by thermolysis of a mixed solution of CuAc, In(Ac)3 (molar ratio of CuAc to In(Ac)3 = 1:1) and dodecanethiol in noncoordinating solvent 1-octadecene (ODE) at 240 °C. CuInS2 nanoparticles with size of 2 to ∼5 nm and nanorods with aspect ratio of 1 to ∼3 were obtained by adjusting the reaction parameters such as temperature and time. The as-prepared nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, UV−vis absorption, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The nanoparticle solutions exhibit tunable absorption and PL spectra with the absorption edge ranging from 550 to 750 nm and PL emission peaks from 600 to 750 nm, indicating a strong size-dependent quantum confinement effect. Optical measurements of the CuI...

Controlled Synthesis and Optical Properties of Colloidal Ternary Chalcogenide CuInS2 Nanocrystals

Organic solar cells based on the spin-coated blend films of TPA-th-TPA and PCBM

Controlled Synthesis and Optical Properties of Colloidal Ternary Chalcogenide CuInS2 Nanocrystals.

The photoluminescence (PL), electroluminescence (EL), and photovoltaic properties of a poly(phenylene vinylene) derivative with its side chains containing vinyl groups, poly[(2,5-bis-allyloxyphenylene vinylene)-co-(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)phenylene vinylene)] (A-PPV) are reported. A-PPV with the active vinyl units in the end of its side chains can be crosslinked either by UV light irradiation or heating. The crosslinking does not change the color of light emitted from the A-PPV polymer light-emitting diode (PLED). FTIR confirms that the photo/heating-induced crosslinking does not damage the conjugation of polymer at all. However, the PL and EL efficiency of A-PPV decreased upon photoirradiation due to the existence of residual radicals in the solid-state film. The relatively stable radicals function as a trap that quenches the luminescence. The blend of A-PPV and noncrosslinkable polymer, poly(2-methyloxy-5-ethylhexyloxyl-l,4-phenylene vinylene) (MEH-PPV) was employed in the fabrication of PLEDs, and the PLED shows improved performance with a luminous efficiency of > 1 cd . A -1 . The blend keeps the advantage of crosslinkability of the polymers and lessens the effects of the photo-produced radicals. The photovoltaic cells comprised of A-PPV and C 60 were fabricated and the energy conversion efficiency of the devices with and without UV treatment was similar, both around 0.3%. The UV irradiation on the blend film with C 60 seems resistant to the residual radicals.

Electroluminescent and Photovoltaic Properties of the Crosslinkable Poly(phenylene vinylene) Derivative with Side Chains Containing Vinyl Groups

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Controlled Synthesis and Optical Properties of Colloidal Ternary Chalcogenide CuInS2 Nanocrystals

Organic solar cells based on the spin-coated blend films of TPA-th-TPA and PCBM

Controlled Synthesis and Optical Properties of Colloidal Ternary Chalcogenide CuInS2 Nanocrystals.

Electroluminescent and Photovoltaic Properties of the Crosslinkable Poly(phenylene vinylene) Derivative with Side Chains Containing Vinyl Groups