Review on Improving the Performance of SiOx Anodes for a Lithium-Ion Battery through Insertion of Heteroatoms: State of the Art and Outlook

Silicon with high theoretical specific capacity is one of the most promising candidates for lithium-ion battery anode materials. However, due to its low electrical conductivity, large volume expansion and unstable...

Preparation of N-doped Si/Cu/C anode for high-performance lithium-ion batteries

In order to improve the initial coulomb efficiency (ICE) and cycle performance of SiO, in this study, the disproportionation reaction of commercial SiO is performed with the assistance of Na2CO3...

Effective disproportionation of SiO induced by Na2CO3 and improved cycling stability via PDA-based carbon coating as anode materials for Li-ion batteries

Silicon (Si) has emerged as a promising next-generation anode materials in alkali metal (Li, Na, K) ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity, suitable working voltage, and abundance in the Earth's crust. However, Si's low conductivity and the breathing effect during charging and discharging processes cause anode material degradation, significant volume changes, and a loss of specific capacity. Extensive research has focused on developing various nanostructured Si-based materials to address these challenges. Nonetheless, bare nanostructured-Si still undergoes pulverization during the charging and discharging processes, leading to side reactions and high cell impedance, which result in poor cycle life of Si anodes for alkali metal-ion batteries (AIBs). To overcome these issues, researchers have pursued the development of silicon-based materials using diverse engineering approaches. This review highlights the most recent and impactful research in the development of high-performance Si-based anodes for AIBs. It begins by outlining the electrochemical reaction mechanisms and challenges associated with Si-based anodes in AIBs, and then presents various approaches, including architectural engineering of Si, surface engineering of Si-based materials, and the construction of Si-based composites to improve battery performance. Finally, the review discusses the anticipated challenges and opportunities in the development of silicon-based anode materials for AIBs. 

Enhancing the performance of silicon-based anode materials for alkali metal (Li, Na, K) ion battery: A review on advanced strategies

Abstract Previous studies have shown that total electron content (TEC) in high‐latitude ionospheres exhibits a prenoon‐postnoon asymmetrical distribution (e.g., Förster et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119216346.ch10 ; Wang et al., 2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022ja030292 ). It remains unclear whether the solar flare intensifies or weakens this asymmetry and whether relevant electrodynamic processes are affected. Here, we investigated the prenoon‐postnoon asymmetrical distribution of ionospheric TEC and electron density (Ne) during the X9.3 solar flare on 6 September 2017, utilizing Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and an ionosphere‐thermosphere coupled model. After eliminating local time effects, we found that the flare intensified the prenoon‐postnoon asymmetry at high latitudes, with a TEC increase of 2.6 TECU at 14 LT and 2 TECU at 10 LT near 60° latitude. Additionally, Ne enhancement around the F 2 region electron density peak height (hmF 2 ) showed the strongest asymmetry, with prenoon‐postnoon ratio (PPR) reaching 14.2%. Analysis of the F‐region ion continuity equation indicates that chemical processes played a primary role in the asymmetry of Ne change rate, with significantly increased electron temperature amplifying the asymmetry in ionizing efficiency. Moreover, this asymmetry triggered changes in the electrodynamics of the polar ionosphere, increasing ionospheric conductivity and field‐aligned currents more in the postnoon sector than in the prenoon sector. These findings enhance our understanding of solar flare impacts on Earth's magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐thermosphere system, improving our ability to diagnose rapid changes in geospace weather. 

Solar Flare‐Induced Prenoon‐Postnoon Asymmetry of Ionospheric Electron Density

Silicon-based anode composites are being pursued extensively as anode materials because of their high specific capacities, reduced voltage platforms, and abundant natural resources. However, this type of anodes suffers from...

Recent Progress on Performance Modulation and Mechanism Study of Silicon-based Anodes

The transport of electromagnetic energy in the polar upper atmosphere and its spatial and temporal distribution are current hot issues and important topics for studying the polar upper atmospheric environment and space weather forecasting models. Researchers usually adopted the observations from low-altitude polar-orbiting satellites to estimate the magnitude and direction of electromagnetic energy. The continuous accumulation of electromagnetic energy data will be beneficial to the study on the transmission and variation characteristics of electromagnetic energy in the polar ionosphere in China. In this paper, we estimated the distribution of field-aligned Poynting flux, horizontal convection electric field and magnetic field perturbation in the dayside polar cap based on the plasma velocity and magnetic field data of DMSP F17 satellite in the northern hemisphere during 2014-2016. The initial DMSP F17 satellite data included in this dataset are of high quality. The estimation process is rigorous and reasonable, and the data records are complete. The dataset can provide important data support for the study on energy transport and dissipation in the ionosphere/thermosphere in the polar region.

A dataset of field-aligned Poynting flux in the dayside polar cap of the northern hemisphere during 2014-2016

We investigated the dawn–dusk asymmetrical distribution of quasi‐dc earthward Poynting flux (EPF) in the dayside polar cap of the Northern Hemisphere based on 3 years of observations at ∼850 km made by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F17. The satellite data have been sorted by low (Kp ≤ 2) and high (Kp > 2) geomagnetic activity, as well as the orientation and strength of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) By and Bz components, binned by magnetic latitude, and magnetic local time. Statistical results show that the enhanced convection electric field favors the asymmetrical EPF distribution. Asymmetrical distribution characteristics are summarized as (a) there are mainly two enhanced EPF regions, near dawn and cusp and the mean EPF is 28% larger on the dawn than on the dusk for all IMF and Kp conditions. (b) The mean EPF for high Kp is 3 times greater than that for low Kp in the dayside polar cap. The enhanced EPF shifted from near the dawn for low Kp to near the cusp for high Kp. The EPF is also larger on the dawn than on the dusk for high Kp. (c) The EPF of the dayside polar cap is significantly enhanced as the IMF strength increases. Under IMF By+, EPF is greater on the dawn than on the dusk. The opposite is true under IMF By−. The IMF Bz− favors enhanced EPF and the EPF on the dawn (dusk) reaches its maximum for IMF By+ and Bz− (IMF By− and Bz−).

The Dawn–Dusk Asymmetrical Distribution of Earthward Poynting Flux in the Dayside Polar Cap From DMSP

A Statistical Study of the Decreased TEC Region During Summer at Northern High Latitudes

The high‐latitude dawn‐dusk asymmetrical distribution of the Mean Total Electron Content (MTEC) in the northern hemisphere was statistically investigated using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) vertical TEC data in 2014. In the geomagnetic latitude (MLAT)/geomagnetic local time (MLT) coordinate system, the local time of 0 hr ≤ MLT < 12 hr is defined as the dawn, and 12 hr ≤ MLT < 24 hr is defined as the dusk at MLAT is greater than 70°. The sunlit high‐density plasma at lower latitudes in the postnoon sector is the primary source of the asymmetrical MTEC distribution that the duskside MTEC is larger than the dawnside. Except for summer, the diurnal variations of the dusk‐dawn difference (DMTEC) and dusk‐dawn ratio (DDR) have two peaks and two valleys. The DMTEC and DDR also have significant seasonal variation, which is the greatest in spring (2.9TECu and 22.2%) and the smallest in summer (1.0TECu and 9.2%). The DMTEC and DDR depend significantly on the Kp index and the direction of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). Except for the DMTEC in spring, the DMTEC and DDR are larger during disturbed times than during quiet times. Except for IMF Bz > 0 in summer, the DMTEC and DDR are larger when IMF By < 0 than those when IMF By > 0, especially in spring and winter.

The High‐Latitude Dawn‐Dusk Asymmetry of Ionospheric Plasma Distribution in the Northern Hemisphere

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