A combined pyro-metallurgical process with green chemistry principles for the recycling of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries is reviewed. 

Combined pyro-hydrometallurgical technology for recovering valuable metal elements from spent lithium-ion batteries: a review of recent developments

Salt-thermal methods for recycling and regenerating spent lithium-ion battery: A review

Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4, LFP), as an outstanding energy storage material, plays a crucial role in human society. Its excellent safety, low cost, low toxicity, and reduced dependence on nickel and cobalt have garnered widespread attention, research, and applications. Consequently, it has become a highly competitive, essential, and promising material, driving the advancement of human civilization and scientific technology. The lifecycle and primary research areas of lithium iron phosphate encompass various stages, including synthesis, modification, application, retirement, and recycling. Each of these stages is indispensable and relatively independent, holding significant importance for sustainable development. However, these stages are also closely interconnected, with many similarities in principles and technologies. For example, synthesis and modification are often completed simultaneously, modification and repair serve similar purposes, and the liquid-based synthesis of lithium iron phosphate and its leaching process are essentially reverse processes. The existence of these connections offers the possibility of interdisciplinary cross-fertilization between different stages of research. Therefore, their seamless integration is crucial for sustainable development. This paper provides a comprehensive and holistic perspective. It combines the physical and chemical properties of lithium iron phosphate with its working principles to systematically discuss the current state of research in different stages and their inherent connections. It also explores and evaluates the application prospects of research methods based on their strengths and weaknesses. 

An overview on the life cycle of lithium iron phosphate: synthesis, modification, application, and recycling

Captured by the remarkable environmental/economic value, recycling spent LiFePO4 has attracted numerous attention. However, restricted by diverse failure mechanisms and different particle‐sizes/active‐sites, recycling strategies still suffer from uneven repairing results and poor accessibility. For promoting their application in commercial systems, the uniform physical‐chemical properties are urgent for regenerated samples. Herein, by tailoring oxidation‐reduction manners, the homogeneous cathode materials can be prepared, displaying uniform particle size and restored lattice. The capacity of as‐optimized samples can be kept ≈141.5 mAh g−1 at 1.0 C, and 137 mAh g−1 with a retention of 92% after 300 cycles at 2.0 C. After Kg‐scale experiments, the pouch full‐cell (LFP‐500 vs recovered graphite) delivers ≈4200 mAh capacity, with considerable cycling stability (retention 96.83%, after 500 loops). Importantly, the detailed mechanism of oxidation/reduction‐conditions is investigated, especially their lattice reconstitution and ions‐ diffusion behaviors. Supported by kinetic analysis and DFT calculations, the fascinating stability of LFP‐500 is further proved, mainly derived from the accelerated Li‐diffusion behaviors. Compared to traditional recovering manners, oxidation/reduction process displays low cost, energy‐consumption, and pollution, accompanied with considerable large‐scale application potential. Given this, this work is anticipated to illustrate the in‐depth mechanism of lattice‐reconstruction, while offering significant strategies for large‐scale and homogenized regeneration.

Large‐Scale and Homogenized Strategies of Spent LiFePO4 Recycling: Reconstruction of Targeted Lattice

After application in electric vehicles, spent LiFePO4 (LFP) batteries are typically decommissioned. Traditional recycling methods face economic and environmental constraints. Therefore, direct regeneration has emerged as a promising alternative. However, irreversible phase changes can significantly hinder the efficiency of the regeneration process owing to structural degradation. Moreover, improper storage and treatment practices can lead to metamorphism, further complicating the regeneration process. In this study, we propose a sustainable recovery method for the electrochemical repair of LFP batteries. We utilize a ligand-chain Zn-complex (ZnDEA) as a structural regulator, with its ─NH─ group alternatingly facilitating the binding of preferential transition metal ions (Fe3+ during charging and Zn2+ during discharging). This dynamic coordination ability helps to modulate volume changes within the recovered LFP framework. Consequently, the recovered LFP framework can store more Li-ions, enhance phase transition reversibility between LFP and FePO4 (FP), modify the initial Coulombic efficiency, and reduce polarization voltage differences. The recovered LFP cells exhibit excellent capacity retention of 96.30% after 1500 cycles at 2 C. The ligand chain repair mechanism promotes structural evolution to facilitate ion migration, providing valuable insights into the targeted ion compensation for environmentally friendly recycling in practical applications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Dynamic Li+ Capture Through Ligand-Chain Interaction for the Regeneration of Depleted LiFePO4 Cathode.

Recovery of LiFePO4 from used lithium-ion batteries by sodium-bisulphate-assisted roasting

Effect of Nb doping at Fe site on the cycling stability and rate capability of LiFePO4 for lithium-ion batteries

Simultaneous Li2moo4 Coating and Mo6+ Doping Improves the Structural Stability and Electrochemical Properties of Nickel-Rich Lini0.83co0.11mn0.06o2

Synergistic effects of Zr doping and Li2ZrO3/WO3 co-coating on the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of cobalt-free LiNi0.8Mn0.2O2

A chiral long period fiber grating (CLPFG) was designed according to the phase-matching condition and conservation law of angular momentum, and was inscribed in a ring core fiber (RCF). This CLPFG was used to directly excite the ±2nd- and ±3rd-order orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes. The coupling efficiency of the OAM mode is up to 98.7% and the insertion loss is within 0.5 dB. The uniformity of the annular mode intensity distribution, polarization characteristics, and the mode purity of coupled OAM modes were investigated in detail. Results show that the coupled high-order OAM modes possess a relative uniform annular intensity distribution, its mode purity is up to 93.2%, and the helical phase modulation is independent on the polarization state of incident light. These results indicate that the RCF-based CLPFG is an ideal OAM mode converter for future high-capacity optical fiber communication systems.

High-order orbital angular momentum mode conversion based on a chiral long period fiber grating inscribed in a ring core fiber.

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