Improvement of the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) positively impacts on the growth and development of plants as well as the crop productivity. In this study, we investigated the characterization on N uptake, N remobilization, and agronomic traits of winter wheat under N input treatments combined by deficit irrigation. Under the sufficient-N treatment (N240), the accumulative N amounts and internal N remobilization rates in plants of the tested cultivars (Jimai 585 and Shimai 22) were elevated relative to those under the deficient-N treatment (N120), together with improvement on plant biomass and the grain yields. Compared with Jimai 585, a control cultivar to be acclimation to affluent irrigation condition, the drought tolerant cultivar Shimai 22 enhanced the accumulative N amount, N harvest index (NHI), NUE, and agronomic traits under both N input treatments, especially under N120. In addition, Shimai 22 also displayed higher activities of nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NIR), and glutamine synthetase (GS) than Jimai 585 under the both N level conditions. The soil N contents (NC) in 2 m profile were elevated whereas the soil moisture contents were lowered in plots planted by the wheat cultivars during late stages under N240 with respect to those under N120. Moreover, reduced soil moisture and N contents in 2 m soil profile were found in the plots grown by Shimai 22 with respect to those by Jimai 585 under N120, suggesting that Shimai 22 improved the N uptake, N remobilization, and the agronomic traits under low N input treatment to be associated with the enhanced N assimilation-related enzymatic activities and the elevated capacity for usage of the soil N storage. Therefore, it is feasible to cultivate winter wheat under the water- and N saving conditions by using the drought tolerant cultivars due to their high NUE and effective usage for the soil nutrient storage.

/pdf/the-effects-of-n-input-level-on-n-uptake-n-remobilization-5gu26lohow.pdf

The effects of n input level on n uptake, n remobilization and agronomic traits under deficit irrigation condition in winter wheat

Sowing density is one of the management techniques that most influence wheat crops. This management practice may affect the plant productive behavior, leading to changes in tillers growth, and also interferes with the plant architecture by influencing solar radiation uptake by the plant canopy, the production components and grain yield. This work aimed to assess the agronomic performance of two wheat cultivars (low tillering and high tillering) under influence of four sowing densities. The experiment was conducted in field conditions from July to November 2017. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with split-plots and five replicates. The factors consisted of two wheat cultivars in main plot (TBIO Sossego and TBIO Toruk), subjected to four different sowing densities as sub-plots (208; 312; 416 and 500 viable seeds m-2). Morphological  characteristics, relative chlorophyll content, NDVI, production components and grain yield were evaluated. Among the assessed traits, only the stem diameter was affected by sowing density. The highest plant height, peduncle length and flag leaf length were found in cultivar Sossego, whereas the largest stem diameter was observed in cultivar Toruk. Relative chlorophyll content and NDVI were higher in cultivar Sossego. The agronomic performance of the cultivar Sossego was higher and exceeded the grain yield of Toruk at 673 kg ha-1. Suboptimal sowing densities promote a decrease in the productive performance of wheat and under conditions of rainfall limitation and genetic potential of reduced tillering while sowing densities above the recommended ones are more efficient.

/pdf/agronomic-performance-of-wheat-cultivars-under-different-3fpz8j9dyh.pdf

Agronomic Performance of Wheat Cultivars under Different Sowing Densities in Southern Brazil

Water shortage is a serious threat to agriculture production in the North China Plain. Sustainable management practices can improve the water use efficiency of winter wheat, but currently no academic consensus has been reached. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis that included 2194 observations from 209 articles to assess the water use efficiency of wheat in this area. The groundwater provides for 34%–37% of wheat evapotranspiration, which increases the decline of groundwater levels. The management of wheat irrigation appears to be the key process in improving agricultural water use efficiency. We observed from regression analyses that the factors such as climate, soil, and management significantly affect the water use efficiency of wheat (p < 0.05). The data showed that nitrogen input and irrigation significantly increased wheat yields (p < 0.05), but irrigation did not significantly improve the water use efficiency compared to rain-fed wheat. The optimal water use efficiency was obtained when the irrigation amount was 80–160 mm, or irrigation was applied twice, or the seasonal irrigation amount plus precipitation was ≤ 240 mm. In contrast, a nitrogen input significantly increased evapotranspiration and water use efficiency. The water use efficiency improvement was especially prominent when the nitrogen application rate was 220–250 kg·ha−1. Moreover, subsoiling and straw return should be recommended for increasing yield, reducing evapotranspiration, and improving water use efficiency. These practices can ultimately save over 240 mm of water and 75 kg·ha−1 of nitrogen, which contributes to a sustainable agricultural development. Here, we demonstrate for the first time the impact of management practices on crop water use efficiency at a regional scale and propose a sustainable agricultural development scheme. 

/pdf/sustainable-management-practices-to-improve-the-water-use-2o1w0l1t.pdf

Sustainable management practices to improve the water use efficiency of winter wheat in the North China Plain: a meta-analysis

Improvement on water use efficiency of the plants contributes to the sustainable crop production worldwide. In this study, we reported the physiological and growth traits at late stage, transcriptome profiling during seed filling period, and the function of TaMPK16 (encoding mitogen-activated protein kinase 16), a drought-inducible gene in wheat plants, in mediating drought adaptation of plants upon water deprivation. Compared with those grown under normal condition, the plants underlying deficit irrigation displayed increased proline and soluble sugar contents whereas lowered plant biomass and grain yields in tested cultivars. Shimai 22, a drought-tolerant cultivar, exhibited improved osmolytes and improved agronomic traits under DI relative to Jimai 585, an affluent water-acclimated cultivar. A total of 1712 genes were differentially expressed (DE) in leaves of Shimai 22 under water deprivation condition; they were categorized into the functional groups of biological process, cellular components, and molecular function and concentrated into the GO terms of metabolic process, metal ion binding, oxidation–reduction process, and catalytic activity, involving major biochemical metabolisms of glyoxylate and dicarboxylate, pyruvate, starch and sucrose, and amino and nucleotide sugars. Transgene analysis on TaMAPK16, a significantly upregulated DE gene, confirmed its role in mediating plant drought tolerance; the lines with TaMAPK16 overexpression conferred plants enhanced biomass, osmolytes biosynthesis, antioxidant enzyme activities, and photosynthetic function. These results suggested that plant water-deficit response during seed filling stage is associated with drastically modified transcription of huge genes that are involved in diverse physiological processes. TaMPK16 can be acted as a valuable target for breeding drought-tolerant varieties of T. aestivum. Quantities of differentially expressed genes categorized into diverse functional groups contribute
plant growth and agronomic traits in wheat plants upon water deprivation, via modulation of
various physiological and biochemical processes associated with plant water deficit adaptation.

Characterization on the water deprivation-associated physiological traits as well as the related differential genes during seed filling stage in wheat (T. aestivum L.)

Flooding is a critical factor that limits the establishment of a symbiosis between rice and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in wetland ecosystems. The distribution of carbon resources in roots and the acclimation strategies of rice to flooding stress in the presence of AMF are poorly understood. We conducted a root box experiment, employing nylon sheets or nylon meshes to create separate fungal chambers that either prevented or allowed the roots and any molecules to pass through. We found that the mycorrhizal colonization rate and the expression of genes 

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Mediate the Acclimation of Rice to Submergence

Trait plasticity and integration mediate vegetable adaptive strategies. However, it is unclear how patterns of vegetables in root traits influence vegetable adaptation to different phosphorus (P) levels. Nine root traits and six shoot traits were investigated in 12 vegetable species cultivated in a greenhouse with low and high P supplies to identify distinct adaptive mechanisms in relation to P acquisition (40 and 200 P mg kg-1 as KH2PO4). At the low P level, a series of negative correlations among root morphology, exudates and mycorrhizal colonization, and different types of root functional properties (root morphology, exudates and mycorrhizal colonization) respond differently to soil P levels among vegetable species. non-mycorrhizal plants showed relatively stable root traits as compared to solanaceae plants that showed more altered root morphologies and structural traits. At the low P level, the correlation between root traits of vegetable crops was enhanced. It was also found in vegetables that low P supply enhances the correlation of morphological structure while high P supply enhances the root exudation and the correlation between mycorrhizal colonization and root traits. Root exudation combined with root morphology and mycorrhizal symbiosis to observe P acquisition strategies in different root functions. Vegetables respond highly under different P conditions by enhancing the correlation of root traits. Low P supply could significantly improve the direct and indirect ways of mycorrhizal vegetable crops’ root traits axis on shoot biomass, and enhance the direct way of non-mycorrhizal vegetable crops’ root traits axis and reduce the indirect way of root exudates.

/pdf/root-morphological-and-physiological-traits-and-arbuscular-3olzt6v5.pdf

Root morphological and physiological traits and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi shape phosphorus-acquisition strategies of 12 vegetable species

The drastically reduced underground water and shortage of the water resource have caused limitation for the winter wheat (T. aestivum) production in North China Plain. In this study, using a drought-tolerant wheat cultivar Shimai 18 as material, we investigated the yield formation capacity, soil water consumption property, and the plant water use efficiency (WUE) of wheat under various irrigation treatments. Our results indicated that the yield capacities of wheat varied largely across irrigation treatments in three growth seasons with contrasting precipitation patterns. The wheat yields showed constant in growth season with more rainfall and lowered to some extent in seasons with regular or less rainfall under I1 (water-saving condition with one time of irrigation) compared with I3 (regular irrigation with three times of irrigation). Along with increase of the irrigation times, plant WUE lowered drastically in all of three growth seasons examined, together with significantly increased evapotranspiration (ET) amount and relative constant of soil water deposits. These results suggested that the water-saving management is feasible in the winter wheat production in North China Plain. Additionally, the plant leaf area index (LAI), dry matter accumulation, and biomass partitioning rate of vegetative tissues during late growth stage (from flowering to maturity) were consistent with the yield formation capacities of the wheat cultivar. Our investigation indicates that the water-saving management using drought tolerant cultivars is effective in production of winter wheat in North China Plain, which can drastically improve the plant WUE and maintain the sustainable wheat productivity under reduced irrigation conditions.

/pdf/yield-formation-capacity-soil-water-consumption-property-and-56d0agsj6g.pdf

Yield formation capacity, soil water consumption property, and plant water use efficiency of wheat under water-saving conditions in north china plain

Achieving the goal of increasing both crop yield and water-use efficiency with a better irrigation regime is a major challenge in semi-arid areas. In this study, we presented a two-season field experiment (October 2018–June 2019 and October 2019–June 2020) that considered drought stresses, i.e., no irrigation (W0), irrigated in jointing (W1), both in jointing and flowering (W2) after re-greening, and wheat varieties (S086; J22). The results showed that a 45.5% excess of irrigation water input did not promote wheat yield (W1 vs. W2). S086 was beneficial for the usage of soil water consumption under a low amount of irrigation water in both seasons. In addition, irrigation positively affected the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in flag leaves (p < 0.05). A decrease in irrigation helped to increase the concentrations of soluble sugar and proline and decrease the amount of malondialdehyde content for S086. For the water- and irrigation-water-use efficiency, W1 was significantly increased by 20.6–21.7% and 38.3–39.3% in 2018–2019 and 23.4–24.4% and 43.8–44.7% in 2019–2020, respectively, as compared to W2. Additionally, a higher yield for S086 than J22 was found under deficit irrigation. Consequently, our study suggested that the S086 variety combined with a total amount of irrigation water of 165 mm might be recommended to meet the win–win goal of high crop yields and water-use efficiency for reducing ground water depletion in the future.

/pdf/improving-wheat-yield-and-water-use-efficiency-by-optimizing-12b1rm02.pdf

Improving Wheat Yield and Water-Use Efficiency by Optimizing Irrigations in Northern China

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Root morphological and physiological traits and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi shape phosphorus-acquisition strategies of 12 vegetable species

Yield formation capacity, soil water consumption property, and plant water use efficiency of wheat under water-saving conditions in north china plain

Improving Wheat Yield and Water-Use Efficiency by Optimizing Irrigations in Northern China