From Glutinous-Rice-Inspired Adhesive Organohydrogels to Flexible Electronic Devices Toward Wearable Sensing, Power Supply, and Energy Storage

As an extended member of the thermoelectric family, ionic thermoelectrics (i‐TEs) exhibit exceptional Seebeck coefficients and applicable power factors, and as a result have triggered intensive interest as a promising energy conversion technique to harvest and exploit low‐grade waste heat (<130 °C). The last decade has witnessed great progress in i‐TE materials and devices; however, there are ongoing disputes about the inherent fundamentals and working mechanisms of i‐TEs, and a comprehensive overview of this field is required urgently. In this review, the prominent i‐TE effects, which set the ground for i‐TE materials, or more precisely, thermo‐electrochemical systems, are first elaborated. Then, TE performance, capacitance capability, and mechanical properties of such system‐based i‐TE materials, followed by a critical discussion on how to manipulate these factors toward a higher figure‐of‐merit, are examined. After that, the prevalent molding methods for assembling i‐TE materials into applicable devices are summarized. To conclude, several evaluation criteria for i‐TE devices are proposed to quantitatively illustrate the promise of practical applications. It is therefore clarified that, if the recent trend of developing i‐TEs can continue, the waste heat recycling landscape will be significantly altered.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aenm.202203692

Advances in Ionic Thermoelectrics: From Materials to Devices

Gelatin/polyacrylamide ionic conductive hydrogel with skin temperature-triggered adhesion for human motion sensing and body heat harvesting

Electronic skin (e-skin), a new generation of flexible electronics, has drawn interest in soft robotics, artificial intelligence, and biomedical devices. However, most existing e-skins involve complex preparation procedures and are characterized by single-sensing capability and insufficient scalability. Here, we report on a one-step strategy in which a thermionic source is used for the in situ molecularization of bacterial cellulose polymeric fibers into molecular chains, controllably constructing an ionogel with a scalable mode for e-skin. The synergistic effect of a molecular-scale hydrogen bond interweaving network and a nanoscale fiber skeleton confers a robust tensile strength (up to 7.8 MPa) and high ionic conductivity (up to 62.58 mS/cm) on the as-developed ionogel. Inspired by the tongue to engineer the perceptual patterns in this ionogel, we present a smart e-skin with the perfect combination of excellent ion transport and discriminability, showing six stimulating responses to pressure, touch, temperature, humidity, magnetic force, and even astringency. This study proposes a simple, efficient, controllable, and sustainable approach toward a low-carbon, versatile, and scalable e-skin design and structure–performance development.

/pdf/a-scalable-bacterial-cellulose-ionogel-for-multisensory-2n15w8pe.pdf

A Scalable Bacterial Cellulose Ionogel for Multisensory Electronic Skin

In recent years, the field of flexible electronics has been thriving in academic achievements. Among them, the hydrogel-based strain sensors possess some characteristic advantages in stretchability, flexibility, stickiness and regulable modulus of elasticity, thus they are more likely to attach to human skin and the surfaces of objects. Compared to traditional sensors, hydrogels can overcome shortcomings in toughness and elasticity. Therefore, hydrogels are suitable to serve as the core materials of wearable electronics. Hydrogel-based strain sensors, as a typical kind of hydrogel flexible electronics, are in the categories of resistance sensors and capacitive sensors, which are primarily used for real-time monitoring of human motions. This review mainly introduces the up-to-date relative literatures in the field of hydrogel-based strain sensors. 

Flexible and wearable strain sensors based on conductive hydrogels

Wearable self-powered human motion sensors based on highly stretchable quasi-solid state hydrogel

Effects of nitrogen and oxygen on electrochemical reduction of CO2 in nitrogen-doped carbon black

Harvesting low-grade heat by an ionic hydrogel thermoelectric generator (ITEG) into useful electricity is promising to power flexible electronics. However, the poor environmental tolerance of the ionic hydrogel limits its application. Herein, we demonstrate an ITEG with high thermoelectric properties, as well as excellent capabilities of water retention, freezing resistance, and self-regeneration. The obtained ITEG can maintain the original water content at ambient conditions (302 K, 65% relative humidity (RH)) for 7 days and keep unfreezing at a low temperature (253 K). It can even be self-regenerated and recovered to its original state after a water loss in high-temperature conditions. Furthermore, a high ionic Seebeck coefficient of 11.3 mV K-1 and an impressive power density of 167.90 mW m-2 are achieved under a temperature difference of 20 K. A high power density of 60.00 mW m-2 can also be maintained even at 258 K. After drying and regeneration, ITEG-re could even exhibit a higher ionic Seebeck coefficient of 11.8 mV K-1. Successful lighting of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and charging of capacitors demonstrate the great potential of ITEG to provide continuous energy supply for powering flexible electronics.

Environmentally Tolerant Ionic Hydrogel with High Power Density for Low-Grade Heat Harvesting.

Organic pollutants have become an urgent problem for human health and the ecological system. The development of a multifunctional and efficient catalyst is of great significance for environmental governance. However, the catalytic conversion process of organic pollutants requires a large amount of energy, and traditional energy supply may further exacerbate environmental pollution. Herein, we propose an integrated magnetic material system that can serve as a magnetic heating medium to provide energy and as catalyst to promote the catalytic reaction. Iron-encapsulated carbon nanotubes activate peroxomonosulfate to generate active free radicals, achieving nearly complete degradation of the organic pollutant Orange II. The reaction exhibits excellent stability and repeatability, which may be attributed to the heating method applied to the magnetic sites, allowing the iron-encapsulated carbon nanotubes to maintain a stable structure. Further loading with Ag allows the catalyst to achieve near 100 % conversion of formaldehyde in air. This study aims to provide an effective and green strategy for environmental pollution treatment by integrating magnetic induction heating and catalytic conversion technology. 

Iron-encapsulated carbon nanotubes catalyze degradation of organic pollutants enabled by magnetic induction heating

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Wearable self-powered human motion sensors based on highly stretchable quasi-solid state hydrogel

Effects of nitrogen and oxygen on electrochemical reduction of CO2 in nitrogen-doped carbon black

Environmentally Tolerant Ionic Hydrogel with High Power Density for Low-Grade Heat Harvesting.

Iron-encapsulated carbon nanotubes catalyze degradation of organic pollutants enabled by magnetic induction heating