Water electrolysis has emerged as a promising method for efficiently producing hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2), crucial for renewable energy conversion and fuel cell technologies. The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER)...

Transition Metals-Based Electrocatalysts for Alkaline Overall Water Splitting: Advancements, Challenges, and Perspectives

Designing efficient and cost-effective materials is pivotal to solving the key scientific and technological challenges at the interface of energy, environment, and sustainability for achieving NetZero. Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDs) represent a unique class of materials that have catered to a myriad of energy conversion and storage (ECS) applications. Their uniqueness arises from their ultra-thin nature, high fractions of atoms residing on surfaces, rich chemical compositions featuring diverse metals and chalcogens, and remarkable tunability across multiple length scales. Specifically, the rich electronic/electrical, optical, and thermal properties of 2D TMDs have been widely exploited for electrochemical energy conversion (e.g., electrocatalytic water splitting), and storage (e.g., anodes in alkali ion batteries and supercapacitors), photocatalysis, photovoltaic devices, and thermoelectric applications. Furthermore, their properties and performances can be greatly boosted by judicious structural and chemical tuning through phase, size, composition, defect, dopant, topological, and heterostructure engineering. The challenge, however, is to design and control such engineering levers, optimally and specifically, to maximize performance outcomes for targeted applications. In this review we discuss, highlight, and provide insights on the significant advancements and ongoing research directions in the design and engineering approaches of 2D TMDs for improving their performance and potential in ECS applications. 

Engineered Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides for Energy Conversion and Storage

Dynamic linear degradation model: Dealing with heterogeneity in degradation paths

Two-dimensional (2D) materials and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) in particular are at the forefront of nanotechnology. To tailor their properties for engineering applications, alloying strategies—used successfully for bulk metals in the last century—need to be extended to this novel class of materials. Here we present a systematic analysis of the phase behavior of substitutional 2D alloys in the TMD family on both the metal and the chalcogenide site. The phase behavior is quantified in terms of a metastability metric and benchmarked against systematic computational screening of configurational energy landscapes from First-Principles. The resulting Pettifor maps can be used to identify broad trends across chemical spaces and as starting point for setting up rational search strategies in phase space, thus allowing for targeted computational analysis of properties on likely thermodynamically stable compounds. The results presented here also constitute a useful guideline for synthesis of binary metal 2D TMDs alloys via a range of synthesis techniques.

Design Guidelines for Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Alloys

Two‐dimensional (2D) high‐entropy alloys (HEAs) have emerged as promising electrocatalysts due to the benefits of polymetallic coordination and robust electrical conductivity. However, the multiple elements in 2D HEAs pose challenges in achieving a uniform composition and maintaining a 2D limit morphology, complicating their structural characterization. Furthermore, even minor adjustments to the composition can significantly alter the properties of 2D HEAs, underscoring the need for a deeper understanding of their structure–property relationships to advance synthesis and application. Therefore, this review critically examines the intrinsic factors influencing synthesis methods and the practical applications of 2D HEAs in electrocatalysis for sustainable energy conversion. The urgency is emphasized for developing new synthesis techniques, enhancing advanced characterization methods, and gaining profound insights into the functional mechanisms of 2D HEAs.

Challenges and opportunities in 2D high‐entropy alloy electrocatalysts for sustainable energy conversion

HgTe film is widely used for quantum Hall well studies and devices, as it has unique properties, like band gap inversion, carrier‐type switch, and topological evolution depending on the film thickness modulation near the so‐called critical thickness (63.5 Å), while its counterpart bulk materials do not hold these nontrivial properties at ambient pressure. Here, much richer transport properties emerging in bulk HgTe crystal through pressure‐tuning are reported. Not only the above‐mentioned abnormal properties can be realized in a 400 nm thick bulk HgTe single crystal, but superconductivity is also discovered in a series of high‐pressure phases. Combining crystal structure, electrical transport, and Hall coefficient measurements, a p‐n carrier type switching is observed in the first high‐pressure cinnabar phase. Superconductivity emerges after the semiconductor‐to‐metal transition at 3.9 GPa and persists up to 54 GPa, crossing four high‐pressure phases with an increased upper critical field. Density functional theory calculations confirm that a surface‐dominated topologic band structure contributes these exotic properties under high pressure. This discovery presents broad and efficient tuning effects by pressure on the lattice structure and electronic modulations compared to the thickness‐dependent critical properties in 2D and 3D topologic insulators and semimetals.

Pressure‐Induced Superconductivity in HgTe Single‐Crystal Film

Degradation analysis can be used to assess the reliability of complex systems and highly reliable products because few or even no failures are expected during their life span. To further previous studies on degradation analysis, an independent increment random process method with linear mean and standard deviation functions is presented to model the degradation procedure. It is essentially a Wiener process method with two different transformed time scales. A one-stage maximum likelihood estimation approach is constructed, and the closed form of the product’s median life and the percentile of the failure time distribution (FTD) are also derived. The proposed method is illustrated and verified in a simulation study and practical degradation analysis for IRLED degradation. The Wiener process model with mixed effects is considered as a reference method. Comparisons show that the difference between the two methods regarding the degradation path is not obvious. However, the estimation accuracy of FTD percentile is significantly enhanced by the proposed model, because a more accurate dispersion can be obtained.

An Improved Independent Increment Process Degradation Model with Bilinear Properties

Alloying is an established strategy to tune the properties of bulk compounds for desired applications. With the advent of nanotechnology, the same strategy can be applied to 2D materials for technological applications, like single-layer transistors and solid lubricants. Here we present a systematic analysis of the phase behaviour of substitutional 2D alloys in the Transition Metal Disulphides (TMD) family. The phase behaviour is quantified in terms of a metastability metric and benchmarked against many-body expansion of the energy landscape. We show how the metastability metric can be directly used as starting point for setting up rational search strategies in phase space, thus allowing for targeted further computational prediction and analysis of properties. The results presented here also constitute a useful guideline for synthesis of TMDs binary alloys via a range of synthesis techniques. 

/pdf/pettifor-maps-of-complex-ternary-two-dimensional-transition-6m69tpmc.pdf

Pettifor maps of complex ternary two-dimensional transition metal sulfides

The invention provides an aging life evaluation method for a carbon-fiber composite core wireThe method comprises the following steps that 1, shift processing is conducted on creep test data of the composite core wire on the basis of a time-temperature equivalence principle, and a corresponding time-temperature shift factor is obtained; 2, shift processing is conducted on a test result obtained in the first step on the basis of a time-stress equivalence principle, and a corresponding time-stress shift factor is obtained; 3, the carbon-fiber composite core wire is evaluated by means of a time-temperature-stress equivalence principle; 4, fitting is conducted on an obtained creep strain master curve by means of an improved Findley modelAccording to the aging life evaluation method for the carbon-fiber composite core wire, influences of temperature and stress on wire creep behaviors in the practical use process of the novel carbon-fiber composite core wire are considered overall, and the aging life evaluation method can be well applied to service life prediction of the novel carbon-fiber composite core wire

Aging life evaluation method for carbon-fiber composite core wire

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