ion of experience associated with a specific activity or task. We conceptualize codification in the alliance learning process in a similar manner. Codification involves creating and using knowledge objects or resources such as alliance guidelines, checklists, or manuals to assist action or decision making in future alliance situations. We also see it as being distinct from the aspect of articulation described earlier. Articulation primarily emphasizes externalizing the content residing within individuals. Codification, on the other hand, focuses on providing the content (know-what), the methodology (knowhow ), and even the rationale (know-why) for executing and managing various alliance-related tasks. Its ‘people-to-documents’ approach emphasizes ‘reuse economics,’ by which a firm reuses the alliance management knowledge that exists within the firm itself, or that resides with firms or people outside the firm (Hansen et al., 1999), to manage future alliances. Although the principal benefits of codification arise from the use of the codified alliance management manuals or tools, it also potentially provides more subtle benefits to managers in a firm. By involving themselves in the effort to codify alliance management knowledge, managers emerge with a crisper understanding of what works, or what does not work and why, in the context of managing certain tasks in alliances. Hence codification not only helps firms replicate and transfer alliance best practices, but also identify or select what those best practices are. In our fieldwork, we observed firms adopt several practices of codifying alliance management know-how. One company has created ‘35 rules of thumb’ for managing alliances. Another company has developed an in-house ‘power of partnerships’ program that provides its managers with detailed guidelines and frameworks for managing alliances. HewlettPackard has developed ‘40 decision-making templates’ to help managers understand and manage key activities at every stage of the life cycle of any alliances (Harbison and Pekar, 1998; Dyer et al., 2001). Eli Lilly, which is considered a ‘premier partner’ in the pharmaceutical industry, also has developed several such codified tools and templates to improve its managers’ partnering skills (Draulans et al., 2003). Overall, such codification is expected to enhance a firm’s decision making and actions in its alliances, and consequently lead to greater alliance success over time. Sharing of alliance know-how According to the knowledge-based view of the firm, the development of organizational skills to manage any particular task also rests upon a firm’s ability to share knowledge associated with managing or executing that task with all relevant parts within the organization (Grant, 1996). This is not only true for knowledge that is articulated and codified, but also for ‘tacit’ knowledge that is less amenable to easy articulation or codification (Winter, 1987). Knowledge sharing plays an important role in this regard. In the context of the alliance learning process, knowledge sharing involves exchanging and disseminating individually and organizationally held alliance management knowledge, which is both tacit and/or codified, through interpersonal interaction within the organization. ‘Communities of personal interaction’ are a central element of such knowledge sharing within firms (Seely Brown and Duguid, 1991; March, Sproull, and Tamuz, 1991). They provide a means for regularly and systematically sharing alliance management knowledge that has already been articulated or codified by the firm. More important, however, they provide a forum to share individually held tacit knowledge through direct person-to-person interaction between managers since tacit knowledge is more easily shared through dialogue between individuals than through knowledge objects (Hansen et al., 1999). Third, they also play a role in helping managers better conceptualize the alliance knowledge that is being shared or disseminated throughout the firm. Dialogue in the form of face-toface communication between managers provides them an opportunity to test their hypotheses and assumptions regarding best practices to carry out Copyright  2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Strat. Mgmt. J., 28: 981–1000 (2007)

/pdf/building-firm-capabilities-through-learning-the-role-of-the-3mt6tgxrn8.pdf

Building firm capabilities through learning: the role of the alliance learning process in alliance capability and firm-level alliance success

Much of the prior research on interorganizational learning has focused on the role of absorptive capacity, a firm's ability to value, assimilate, and utilize new external knowledge. However, this definition of the construct suggests that a firm has an equal capacity to learn from all other organizations. We reconceptualize the firm-level construct absorptive capacity as a learning dyad-level construct, relative absorptive capacity. One firm's ability to learn from another firm is argued to depend on the similarity of both firms' (1) knowledge bases, (2) organizational structures and compensation policies, and (3) dominant logics. We then test the model using a sample of pharmaceutical–biotechnology R&D alliances. As predicted, the similarity of the partners' basic knowledge, lower management formalization, research centralization, compensation practices, and research communities were positively related to interorganizational learning. The relative absorptive capacity measures are also shown to have greater explanatory power than the established measure of absorptive capacity, R&D spending. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Relative absorptive capacity and interorganizational learning

\nPurpose\nThe purpose of this bibliometric and systematic literature review is to survey and evaluate key study’s in tacit knowledge (TK). Through analysing and synthesizing based on the antecedents, decisions, outcomes-theories, context and methods (ADO-TCM) framework, this paper highlights research gaps and avenues for future research. It is important to recognize the antecedents, results and theories in the available literature as it offers enough evidence for encouraging the significance of TK.\n\n\nDesign/methodology/approach\nThis research paper follows a bibliometric analysis and systematic approach in identifying, analyzing and synthesizing pertinent literature in TK. A total of 59 research studies were carefully and systematically reviewed with the help of NVivo12 and excel software to code and analyse.\n\n\nFindings\nWith the help of bibliometric analysis and framework-based systematic review, this research paper offers a retrospective view of the TCM framework in the amalgamation with ADO framework, bibliometric analysis and important themes of TK research.\n\n\nOriginality/value\nThis paper is different from existing reviews as the authors have to combine bibliometric analysis and framework-based systematic review approach to provide a more robust encapsulation of TK research. To the best of the knowledge, the present research is one of the first systematic reviews based on a framework relating to TK.\n

Tacit knowledge in organizations: bibliometrics and a framework-based systematic review of antecedents, outcomes, theories, methods and future directions

Enabling knowledge diversity to benefit cross-functional project teams: Joint roles of knowledge leadership and transactive memory system

The literature examining the relationship between green supply chain management and firm performance has expanded greatly in recent years. Although researchers maintain that green supply chain management can bring positive financial performance, to date they have ignored the moderating role of the social control mechanism, especially in the context of China. Drawing on social exchange theory, this study aims to contribute to the literature in this field by proposing social control as an effective mechanism to strengthen the impact of green supply chain management on firms’ financial performance. Today, most empirical literature in the field of green supply chain management adopts the static view and overlooks the contextual factors. This study addresses the gap by investigating the green supply chain management in an environment characterized by frequently unavoidable disruptions, and the effectiveness of social control that accommodates this complexity and dynamism. By examining green supply chain management under conditions of environmental dynamism, this study contributes to the literature of interface of green supply chain and resilience. Using a sample of 185 Chinese manufacturers, the theoretical model is empirically verified. The research findings indicate that in a dynamic environment, the joint effect of social control and green supply chain management practices is positive and significant. This paper also discusses the theoretical contribution and managerial implications of the study, outlines the research limitations, and provides recommendations for future research.

/pdf/examining-green-supply-chain-management-and-financial-a2jgdgamaf.pdf

Examining Green Supply Chain Management and Financial Performance: Roles of Social Control and Environmental Dynamism

Heterogeneous knowledge sources may have decreasing returns for innovation performance. While scholars have widely examined the effect of knowledge heterogeneity (KH) on innovation performance, little has been done to explore the differences between external and internal KH, and to integrate these two sources of KH. This study examines the independent and combined effects (the multiplicative and balanced effects) of internal and external KH on innovation performance. Using survey data on 261 firms in technology-intensive industries in China, our study shows an inverse U-shaped relationship between external KH and innovation performance. This differs from the relationship between internal KH and innovation performance, which has a linear rather than curvilinear effect, indicating that internal and external KH have varying influences on innovation performance. By combining the two effects, we find that both the complementary and balanced effects of internal and external KH on innovation performance are significant and positive. The findings indicate that managers should not only put an emphasis on developing internal and external KH, but also identify the means to combine the two types of KH to increase innovation performance.

Orchestrating Heterogeneous Knowledge: The Effects of Internal and External Knowledge Heterogeneity on Innovation Performance

How do R&D agglomeration and economic policy uncertainty affect the innovative performance of Chinese high-tech industry?

This study aims to explore the impact of search breadth and depth on corporate entrepreneurship (CE) through the mediating effect of opportunity discovery under the consideration of the technological environmental dynamism as a moderating factor.,This study adopts a quantitative method, collecting 246 questionnaires from high-tech firms in the national industrial park of the Yangtze River Delta zone in China. The authors examine the hypotheses using multiple hierarchical regressions and conduct Sobel and bootstrapping tests to further assess the mediating and moderated mediating effects of the variables.,The results indicate that both the relationship between search breadth and CE and the relationship between search depth and CE are mediated by opportunity discovery. The authors further show that technological environmental dynamism positively moderates the indirect effect of knowledge search breadth on CE and negatively moderates the indirect effect of knowledge search depth and CE.,This study provides a valuable theoretical framework for entrepreneurship literature by differentiating the effects of search depth and search breadth on the promotion of CE in established firms and pioneers the examination of the mediating role of opportunity discovery and the moderating role of technological environmental dynamism in these links as well.

Knowledge search strategies and corporate entrepreneurship: evidence from China's high-tech firms

https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/preview/885221/building%20interfirm%20leadership.pdf

Building interfirm leadership: A relational identity perspective

PurposeThis investigation seeks to elaborate on how proactive market orientation (MO) and responsive MO motivate firms to conduct business model innovation (BMI) through the breadth of market knowledge search (BMKS) and the depth of market knowledge search (DMKS).Design/methodology/approachBased on the survey data of 259 high-tech firms in the industrial parks of the Yangtze River Delta, this study uses multiple hierarchical regressions to examine the hypotheses and conducts Sobel and bootstrapping methods to further test the mediating effects.FindingsThe findings indicate that the positive effects of proactive and responsive MO on BMI are mediated by BMKS and DMKS. It also shows that proactive MO has a greater impact on BMKS than responsive MO, while responsive MO has a stronger impact on DMKS than proactive MO.Practical implicationsFirms with different MOs can choose different types of market knowledge search to promote BMI, which reminds managers to give attention to the importance of bridging MOs with knowledge search strategies in BMI.Originality/valueThis study introduces a constructive theoretical framework by examining the roles of MO and market knowledge search on BMI. The findings reveal that MO as a key initiating factor and market knowledge search as an important conduit play vital roles in the experimental process of BMI and identify the differential effects of proactive and responsive MO on two types of market knowledge search.

The effects of market orientation and market knowledge search on business model innovation: evidence for two distinct pathways

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Jiangfeng Ye

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Orchestrating Heterogeneous Knowledge: The Effects of Internal and External Knowledge Heterogeneity on Innovation Performance

How do R&D agglomeration and economic policy uncertainty affect the innovative performance of Chinese high-tech industry?

Knowledge search strategies and corporate entrepreneurship: evidence from China's high-tech firms

Building interfirm leadership: A relational identity perspective

The effects of market orientation and market knowledge search on business model innovation: evidence for two distinct pathways