Functional π-Gelators and Their Applications

Dendron-mediated self-assembly, disassembly, and self-organization of complex systems have been investigated. The most ideal building blocks would need to display shape persistence in solution and in the solid state, since only this feature provides access to the use of complementary methods of structural analysis. Most supramolecular dendrimers are chiral even when they are constructed from nonchiral building blocks and are equipped with mechanisms that amplify chirality. This poses additional challenges associated with the understanding of the structural origin of chirality in different supramolecular structures through combinations of structural analysis methods. While many supramolecular structures assembled from dendrimers and dendrons resemble some of the related morphologies generated from block-copolymers, they are much more complex and are not determined by the volume ratio between the dissimilar parts of the molecule.

Dendron-Mediated Self-Assembly, Disassembly, and Self-Organization of Complex Systems

In this feature article we summarize the recent developments of stimuli responsive gels based on low molecular weight gelators (LMWGs) for which the gel-sol transitions can be triggered by other stimuli besides heating. These include gels responsive to redox reactions and light irradiations. Chemoresponsive gels are also introduced, including those for which the gel-sol transitions can be induced by reactions with neutral molecules and those for which the gel strength is improved following the addition of neutral molecules. Perspectives for such stimuli responsive gels are discussed with regard to their potential applications and remaining challenging issues.

Stimuli responsive gels based on low molecular weight gelators

A new poly(benzyl ether) dendritic organogelator Azo-G3 containing azobenzene in its inner layer was designed and synthesized, and fully characterized. The dendron Azo-G3 was found to be a highly efficient and versatile organogelator toward various apolar and polar organic solvents with the critical gelation concentrations (CGCs) approaching 0.05 wt %, indicating that the dendron belongs to the category of supergelators. Further studies revealed that the intermolecular multiple π–π stacking interactions might be responsible for guiding the self-assembly processes and the gel formation. Most interestingly, these dendritic organogels exhibited multiple stimuli-responsive behaviors upon exposure to environmental stimuli including temperature, sonication, light, and shear stress.

Multistimuli Responsive Dendritic Organogels Based on Azobenzene-Containing Poly(aryl ether) Dendron

Short peptides appropriately linked with an azobenzene conformational switch were found to be motif and pH dependant supramolecular hydrogelators. The hydrogelation properties of the short peptides linked with the conformational switch were studied in detail with respect to dependence on amino acid residue, pH and salt effect. The presence of amino acids with aromatic side chains such as Phe and Tyr was found to be favorable for the short peptides to gel water at an appropriate pH range. Cationic amino acid residues such as Arg and Lys in the short peptides were found to be unfavorable for hydrogelation. pH and salt effect were also found to be important factors for the hydrogelation properties of the short peptides. A series of short peptides with bioactive sequences were linked with the conformational switch and their hydrogelation properties were investigated. Photoresponsive supramolecular hydrogels were realized based on the E-/Z- transition of the conformational switch upon light irradiation. Proper combination of amino acid residues in the short peptides resulted in smart supramolecular hydrogels with responses to multiple stimuli.

Supramolecular hydrogels based on short peptides linked with conformational switch.

Photoreversible dendritic organogel

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Photoreversible dendritic organogel