Nd:GdVO4 crystal was grown by the Czochralski method. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of the crystal were measured at room temperature. The thermal expansion and the specific heat of the crystal were also measured. Laser outputs at 1.06 and 1.34 µm were achieved when a Nd:GdVO4 crystal sample with a high Nd doping concentration was pumped by a low-power laser diode (LD) at 808.5 nm, and visible green and red laser outputs of intracavity frequency doubling at 0.53 and 0.67 µm were also achieved when nonlinear KTiOPO4 and LiB3O5 crystal, respectively, were used. The highly Nd-doped Nd:GdVO4 crystal was pumped by a high-power LD, and a greater than 5-W laser output power at 1.06 µm was obtained. A low-Nd-doping concentration Nd:GdVO4 crystal sample was pumped by a high-power LD, yielding laser output powers at 1.06 and 0.53 µm; 0.53-µm green laser output was obtained when a KTiOPO4 crystal was used, and the output beam’s values were M2=1.76 at an output power of 14.3 W at 1.06 µm and M2=1.55 at an output power of 3.3 W at 0.53 µm. Acousto-optical Q-switched laser outputs at 1.06 and 0.53 µm were also achieved. A thermal lens made from a Nd:GdVO4 crystal was measured; it was weaker than that of a Nd:YVO4 crystal. Some important material parameters, such as temperature-induced changes in refractive index, material constant, thermal-stress resistance figure of merit, and power per unit length at the stress fracture limit, have been estimated.

Characterization of the laser crystal Nd:GdVO 4

The advantages of laser-diode end-pumped Er:YSGG/YSGG composite crystals in reducing thermal effects and improving output power are investigated theoretically and experimentally. Compared with Er:YSGG, the temperature rise and total additional optical path difference of Er:YSGG/YSGG are evidently reduced because of the thermal conduction effects of the undoped YSGG crystal. The maximum continuous-wave output power of 504 mW with slope efficiency of 11.2%, and 900 mW with slope efficiency of 12.1%, at 2.79 μm is obtained in a 970 nm laser-diode end-pumped Er:YSGG crystal and Er:YSGG/YSGG crystal, respectively. To our knowledge, the output power of the Er:YSGG/YSGG crystal is the highest value for a laser-diode end-pumped Er:YSGG crystal. The thermal focal length of Er:YSGG and Er:YSGG/YSGG is respectively 36 and 51.8 mm when the pump power is 5.94 W. Investigations demonstrate that the Er:YSGG/YSGG composite crystal has great advantages in reducing the influence of thermal effects and improving output power.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1612-2011/11/1/015002/pdf

Investigation of laser-diode end-pumped Er:YSGG/YSGG composite crystal lasers at 2.79 μm

We demonstrate a 966 nm laser diode (LD) side-pumped Er,Pr:GYSGG laser crystal operated at 2.79 μm under a high repetition rate. The lifetimes of the upper level I11/24 and lower level I13/24 are 0.66 and 0.85 ms, respectively. The laser performance under different repetition rates and pulse widths is experimentally studied with the optimal cavity structure. A maximum output power of 8.86 W is achieved at 125 Hz and 200 μs pulse widths, corresponding to the slope efficiency of 14.8% and electrical-to-optical efficiency of 7.7%. With increasing frequency from 50 to 200 Hz, the slope efficiency varies from 24.7% to 11.7% operated at a 125 μs pulse width. Moreover, the Mx2/My2 factors of 7.52/7.59 and Θx/Θy far-field divergences of 16.1/16.5 mrad are also measured. The results indicate that a high-performance 2.79 μm laser could be realized on the Er,Pr:GYSGG radiation resistant crystal by deactivation and LD side-pumping.

Laser performance of a 966 nm LD side-pumped Er,Pr:GYSGG laser crystal operated at 2.79 μm.

We demonstrate a comparative investigation on Er,Pr:GYSGG and GYSGG/Er,Pr:GYSGG composite crystals at 2.79 μm. Simulating results show the highest temperatures are 369 K and 318 K, respectively. A maximum output power of 825 mW with slope efficiency of 19.2% and maximum laser energy of 3.65 mJ with slope efficiency of 22.7% are obtained in the GYSGG/Er,Pr:GYSGG composite crystal, which have an obvious improvement than those of Er,Pr:GYSGG crystal. The thermal focal lengths are respectively 41 and 62 mm when the pump power is 2.5 W. All these results indicate that the GYSGG/Er,Pr:GYSGG composite crystal has great advantages in reducing the influence of thermal effects and improving laser performances.

Performances of a diode end-pumped GYSGG/Er,Pr:GYSGG composite laser crystal operated at 2.79 μm

We demonstrate the laser and thermal properties on the four Cr,Er:YSGG crystal rods with different diameters from 3 to 6 mm. A maximum pulse energy 1261 mJ operated at 5 Hz and 2.79 μm is obtained on the rod of 4 mm diameter, corresponding to electrical-to-optical efficiency of 1.53% and slope efficiency 1.82%, respectively. Combining with the electrical-to-optical efficiency and thermal distribution, the formula of the thermal focal length is modified further. The simulation results of the thermal focal length for four crystals with different diameters are in good consistence with the measurement values, suggesting the revised formula is accurate and effective to calculate the thermal focal length.

A modified formula of thermal focal length for lamp pumping Cr, Er:YSGG crystal with high performance 2.79 μm laser

The stability of linear planar resonators involved in solid-state lasers is entirely decided by the thermal lens of the laser crystal. There exists a critical point between stable state and unstable state at which the thermal focal length equals the distance from the center of the crystal to one end mirror. Based on this fact, a new method for measuring the thermal focal length of the laser crystal has been presented and applied to a Nd3+:YVO4 crystal at various absorbed pump power levels up to 10 W. The results have shown to be in good agreement with theoretical calculation.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0256-307X/16/3/010/pdf

Thermal Lens Determination of End-Pumped Solid-state Lasers by a Simple Direct Approach

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Thermal Lens Determination of End-Pumped Solid-state Lasers by a Simple Direct Approach