The drivers of terrestrial carbon sequestration, as well as the geographical spread and magnitude of this land sink
are currently debated. Nitrogen deposition is one potential driver for enhancements in carbon sequestration. We
studied the influence of nitrogen (N) deposition on photosynthetic capacity using eddy covariance measurements
of net exchange of carbon. From the provided estimates of gross primary production we derived the photosynthetic
capacity (Amax) of forests. We used Amax to study the impact of N deposition, while accounting for climate and
stand characteristics of forest canopies for a global dataset of 80 forest FLUXNET sites. Canopy Amax related
positively to N deposition below an observed critical load for evergreen needleleaf forests and leveled off for
higher N deposition rates. The determination of a pure N deposition effect was prevented by correlations between
climate and N deposition. Without considering climate effects we identified an upper limit of the Amax – N
deposition relationship for evergreen needleleaf forests; 2.0 ± 0.4 (S.E.) µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 per 1 kg N ha-1 yr-1.
For deciduous broadleaf forests, as well as for temperate evergreen needleleaf forests, Amax appeared insensitive to
N deposition. However, in N limited evergreen needleleaf forests, we conclude that N deposition plays an essential
role in determining canopy physiology and carbon cycling by increasing Amax.

The contribution of nitrogen deposition to the photosynthetic capacity of forests

Forest water-use efficiency: Effects of climate change and management on the coupling of carbon and water processes

Biodiversity is essential for maintaining the terrestrial ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF). Recent studies have revealed that the variations in terrestrial ecosystem functions are captured by three key axes: the maximum productivity, water use efficiency, and carbon use efficiency of the ecosystem. However, the role of biodiversity in supporting these three key axes has not yet been explored. In this study, we combined the (i) data collected from more than 840 vegetation plots across a large climatic gradient in China using standard protocols, (ii) data on plant traits and phylogenetic information for more than 2,500 plant species, and (iii) soil nutrient data measured in each plot. These data were used to systematically assess the contribution of environmental factors, species richness, functional and phylogenetic diversity, and community‐weighted mean (CWM) and ecosystem traits (i.e., traits intensity normalized per unit land area) to EMF via hierarchical partitioning and Bayesian structural equation modeling. Multiple biodiversity attributes accounted for 70% of the influence of all the variables on EMF, and ecosystems with high functional diversity had high resource use efficiency. Our study is the first to systematically explore the role of different biodiversity attributes, including species richness, phylogenetic and functional diversity, and CWM and ecosystem traits, in the key axes of ecosystem functions. Our findings underscore that biodiversity conservation is critical for sustaining EMF and ultimately ensuring human well‐being.

The essential role of biodiversity in the key axes of ecosystem function

A long-standing goal of ecology has been to understand the cycling of carbon in forests. This has taken on new urgency with the need to address a rapidly changing climate. Forests serve as longterm stores for atmospheric CO2, but their continued ability to take up new carbon is dependent on future changes in climate and other factors such as age. We have been measuring many aspects of carbon cycling at an unmanaged evergreen forest in central Maine, USA, for over 25 years. Here we use these data to address questions about the magnitude and control of carbon fluxes and quantify flows and uncertainties between the different pools. A key issue was to assess whether recent climate change and an aging tree population were reducing annual C storage. Total ecosystem C stocks determined from inventory and quantitative soil pits were about 23,300 g C m−2 with 46% in live trees, and 48% in the soil. Annual biomass increment in trees at Howland Forest averaged 161 ± 23 g C m−2 yr−1, not significantly different from annual net ecosystem production (NEP = −NEE) of 211 ± 40 g C m−2 y−1 measured by eddy covariance. Unexpectedly, there was a small but significant trend of increasing C uptake through time in the eddy flux data. This was despite the period of record including some of the most climate-extreme years in the last 125. We find a surprising lack of influence of climate variability on annual carbon storage in this mature forest.

https://www.fs.fed.us/nrs/pubs/jrnl/2021/nrs_2021_hollinger_001.pdf

Multi-Decadal Carbon Cycle Measurements Indicate Resistance to External Drivers of Change at the Howland Forest AmeriFlux Site

Structural and species diversity explain aboveground carbon storage in forests across the United States: Evidence from GEDI and forest inventory data

Forest resource use efficiencies (RUEs) can vary with tree age, but the nature of these trends and their underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Understanding the age dynamics of forest RUEs and their drivers is vital for assessing the trade-offs between forest functions and resource consumption, making rational management policy, and projecting ecosystem carbon dynamics. Here we used the FLUXNET2015 and AmeriFlux datasets and published literature to explore the age-dependent variability of forest light use efficiency (LUE) and inherent water use efficiency as well as their main regulatory variables in temperate regions. Our results showed that evergreen forest RUEs initially increased before reaching the mature stage (i.e., around 90 years old), and then gradually declined; in contrast, RUEs continuously increased with age for mature deciduous forests. Changing canopy photosynthetic capacity (Amax) was the primary cause of age-related changes in RUEs across temperate forest sites. More importantly, soil nitrogen (N) increased in mature deciduous forests through time but decreased in older evergreen forests. The age-dependent changes in soil N were closely linked with the age dynamics of Amax for mature temperate forests. Additionally, soil nutrient conditions played a greater role in deciduous forest RUEs than evergreen forest RUEs. This study highlights the importance of stand age and forest type on temperate forest RUEs over the long term.

https://www.fs.fed.us/nrs/pubs/jrnl/2020/nrs_2020_xu_002.pdf

Canopy photosynthetic capacity drives contrasting age dynamics of resource use efficiencies between mature temperate evergreen and deciduous forests.

Light use efficiency models incorporating diffuse radiation impacts for simulating terrestrial ecosystem gross primary productivity: A global comparison

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Canopy photosynthetic capacity drives contrasting age dynamics of resource use efficiencies between mature temperate evergreen and deciduous forests.

Light use efficiency models incorporating diffuse radiation impacts for simulating terrestrial ecosystem gross primary productivity: A global comparison