Purification of oily wastewater holds significant importance due to its detrimental environmental and human health implications. Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) have gained substantial traction as an efficacious approach for treating oily wastewater, surpassing conventional techniques in terms of performance. To improve the properties of polymeric membranes, scientists have blended them with other polymers or nanomaterials and used various techniques such as phase inversion and electrospinning to prepare MMMs. This review focuses on recent advances in hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and Janus MMMs for oily wastewater treatment. While hydrophilic membranes have exhibited commendable oil rejection capabilities, their susceptibility to fouling remains an issue. Hydrophobic membranes exhibit high fouling resistance but low oil rejection performance. Nonetheless, they demonstrate an excellent ability to separate water-in-oil emulsions. Janus MMMs, which have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties, have shown promising results for oily wastewater treatment due to their high oil rejection and fouling resistance. Membrane fouling and recyclability are still the main challenges facing MMMs. To address these challenges, researchers are investigating the use of sustainable and biodegradable polymers in MMMs, which could lead to more environmentally friendly and cost-effective solutions for oily wastewater treatment. 

Hydrophilic, oleophilic and switchable Janus mixed matrix membranes for oily wastewater treatment: A review

Biodegradable poly (lactic acid) (PLA) nanofibrous membranes (NFMs) are appealing to address the increasing air pollution and outbreak of epidemic diseases, as well as the drastic accumulation of plastic and microplastic pollutions. Central to the development of high-performance PLA membrane filters are the promotion of electroactivity, polarization and electret properties, which has been a roadblock toward efficient capturing of airborne particulate matters (PMs) and bacterial pathogens. Herein, we proposed a microwave-assisted synthetic approach to enable direct growth of ZIF-8 nanocrystals at carbon nanotubes (CNT@ZIF-8 nanohybrids), which were spontaneously embedded into PLA nanofibers by a combined electrospinning–electrospray technology. With uniform and affinitive anchoring of CNT@ZIF-8 (8, 10 and 12 wt%), the PLA NFMs were characterized by largely increased surface potential (up to 1.78 kV), nearly doubled dielectric constant, and excellent triboelectric properties (output voltage of 12.7 V at 10 N, 0.5 Hz). The highly electroactive PLA/CNT@ZIF-8 NFMs exhibited excellent air filtration properties (98.7 % and 99.8 % removal of PM0.3 and PM2.5, 206.9 Pa) even at the highest airflow capacity of 85 L/min, in clear contrast to the pure PLA counterpart (81.2 % and 84.1 %, 465.2 Pa). This was accompanied by 100 % perfect inhibition of both E. coli and S. aureus regardless of the CNT@ZIF-8 loadings, arising mainly from the elevated surface activity, facilitated generation of reactive oxygen species, and gradual release of zinc ions. Moreover, remarkable photothermal properties were demonstrated by temperature elevation of nearly 16 °C under near-infrared irradiation for only 20 s. The proposed methodology affords an exceptional combination of excellent air filtration, self-sterilization and photothermal properties, which may motivate development of ecofriendly and functional protective membranes for personal healthcare. 

Electroactive and breathable protective membranes by surface engineering of dielectric nanohybrids at poly(lactic acid) nanofibers with excellent self-sterilization and photothermal properties

Abstract The present study focuses on enhancing the mechanical, thermal, and degradation behavior of polylactic acid (PLA) by adding carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with different concentrations of 0.5, 1, 3, and 5%. The CNTs were prepared using catalytic chemical vapor deposition, and the prepared PLA/CNTs nanocomposite films were characterized using techniques such as FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, TGA, SEM, and XRD. The distinct diffraction patterns of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) at 2θ angles of 25.7° and 42.7° were no longer observed in the prepared nanocomposites, indicating uniform dispersion of MWCNTs within the PLA matrix. The presence of MWCNTs enhanced the crystallinity of PLA as the CNT loading increased. Mechanical tests demonstrated that incorporating CNTs positively influenced the elongation at the break while decreasing the ultimate tensile strength of PLA. The PLA-3%CNTs composition exhibited the highest elongation at break (51.8%) but the lowest tensile strength (64 MPa). Moreover, thermal gravimetric analysis confirmed that the prepared nanocomposites exhibited greater thermal stability than pure PLA. Among the nanocomposites, PLA-5% CNTs exhibited the highest thermal stability. Furthermore, the nanocomposites demonstrated reduced surface degradation in accelerated weathering tests, with a more pronounced resilience to UV radiation and moisture-induced deterioration observed in PLA-3% CNTs. 

Pushing the limits of PLA by exploring the power of MWCNTs in enhancing thermal, mechanical properties, and weathering resistance

Phase inverted hydrophobic polyethersulfone/iron oxide-oleylamine ultrafiltration membranes for efficient water-in-oil emulsion separation.

Water treatment is crucial in solving the rising people's appetite for water and global water shortages. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have considerable promise for water treatment because of their adjustable and distinctive arbitrary, physical, as well as chemical characteristics. This illustrates the benefits and risks of integrating CNT into the traditional water treatment resource. Due to their outstanding adsorbent ability and chemical and mechanical properties, CNTs have gained global consideration in environmental applications. The desalination and extraction capability of CNT were improved due to chemical or physical modifications in pure CNTs by various functional groups. The CNT-based composites have many benefits, such as antifouling performance, high selectivity, and increased water permeability. Nevertheless, their full-scale implementations are still constrained by their high costs. Functionalized CNTs and their promising nanocomposites to eliminate contaminants are advised for marketing and extensive water/wastewater treatment. 

Carbon nanotube-wastewater treatment nexus: Where are we heading to?

Polylactic acid/multi-wall carbon nanotubes composite fibrous membrane and their applications in oil-water separation

Study on the Performance of Micro-Nano Structured Coatings Containing Silsesquioxane

Crystalline Modified Polylactic Acid/Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes Composite Fibrous Membrane and Their Applications in Oil-Water Separation

Due to the rapid development of modern industry, oily wastewater, which contained poisonous chemicals, would cause damage to marine fishery resources, and finally threaten human health. To address this issue, we herein report a fibrous membrane for oil-water separation. Firstly, the silicone polymer was synthesized by the in situ polymerization of aminopropyl trimethoxysilane and 3-glycidyloxypropyl trimethoxysilane in a polycaprolactone (PCL) solution. Then, the silicone decorated PCL (S-PCL) fibrous membranes were then prepared via electrospinning the synthesized solution. The decorated silicone offers a good porous structure for fibrous membranes. Specifically, the decorated silicone endows the PCL fibrous membrane with a good lipophilic/hydrophobic performance with a water contact angle of 169° under oil. More importantly, the obtained fibrous membrane owned a good oil-water selectivity. The oil droplets could be spread and absorbed by the fibrous membrane in water within 5 s. Such efficient separation for oil and water mixtures, endowed by silicone, will make the PCL fibrous membrane an environmental-friendly candidate for treating oily wastewater. 

Silicone decorated polycaprolactone electrospun fibrous membranes for oil/water separation

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles with chiral pattern topological structure function as "antiskid tires" on the intestinal mucosa to facilitate oral drugs delivery.

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