Benefiting from inherent lightweight, flexibility, and good adaptability to human body, functional textiles are attracting tremendous attention to cope with wearable issues in sustainable applications around human beings. In this feature article, a comprehensive and thoughtful review is proposed regarding research activities of functional textiles with smart properties. Specifically, a brief exposition of highlighting the significance and rising demands of novel textiles throughout the human society is begun. Next, a systematic review is provided about the fabrication of functional textiles from 1D spinning, 2D modification, and 3D construction, their diverse functionality as well as sustainable applications, showing a clear picture of evolved textiles to the readers. How to engineer the compositions, structures, and properties of functional textiles is elaborated to achieve different smart properties. All these tunable, upgraded, and versatile properties make the developed textiles well suited for extensive applications ranging from environmental monitoring or freshwater access to personal protection and wearable power supply. Finally, a simple summary and critical analysis is drawn, with emphasis on the insight into remaining challenges and future directions. With worldwide efforts, advance and breakthrough in textile functionalization expounded in this review will promote the revolution of smart textiles for intelligence era. 

Functional Textiles with Smart Properties: Their Fabrications and Sustainable Applications

Abstract Screen-printing and spray-coating methods were used to produce photoluminescent, water-repellent, and antimicrobial films on textile fibers. The cotton fabrics were firstly finished with a flame-resistant agent. There are a number of functional agents that have been applied during the textile finishing process, including strontium aluminate pigment as antibacterial and photoluminescent agent, flame-retardant organophosphate, and water-repellent silicone rubber. The current research investigated the surface morphologies and chemical compositions of the screen-printed and spray-coated fabric cottons using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). According to morphological analysis, the phosphor nanoparticles had sizes ranging from 2 to 12 nm. After excitation at 399 nm, the generated colorless photoluminescent layer deposited onto cotton surface showed an emission profile at 516 nm. The luminescence spectra and CIE Lab characteristics confirmed that the phosphor-coated textiles displayed a white color in visible spectrum and green emission in the presence of UV light. It has been shown by analysis that the tested colors are very stable over time. The measurements of static water contact and sliding angles were also explored. The self-extinguishing activity of the coated fabrics retained their flame-retardant properties over 24 laundry cycles. Antimicrobial activity, hydrophobicity, and luminous properties were improved without affecting the intrinsic physical and mechanical features of the treated textiles. Details on the CIE Lab colorimetric measurements were discussed. The stiffness and air permeability were examined to explore the flexibility and breathability of the treated textile fibers. Excellent reversibility and photostability were seen in the phosphor-coated materials. 

/pdf/imparting-cotton-textiles-glow-in-the-dark-property-along-2ezdlxpj.pdf

Imparting cotton textiles glow-in-the-dark property along with other functional properties: photochromism, flame-retardant, water-repellency, and antimicrobial activity

As a kind of low-carbon, environmentally friendly and high-quality regenerated cellulose fiber derived from nature plant, the promotion and application of lyocell fiber is attracting much attention. In this paper, for the first time, microbial pigment was applied for color and multifunction construction of lyocell fabric. The size change of the pigment nano-particles during the color construction process was explored to verify the dyeing mechanism of nano-suspension system, and the optimal dyeing condition was obtained. In order to improve the dyeing effect and functionality of fabric, 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) was used to realize the anionic modification of lyocell fabric with high strength retention rate. Under optimal color construction condition, the color depth of the modified fabric was 298.5% higher than that of the unmodified one, and the dyed fabric possessed excellent dyeing uniformity and permeability. Moreover, the crosslinking reaction between BTCA and cellulose macromolecules, as well as the pigment deposition inside the fibers were helpful to the fibrillation prevention function of lyocell fibers. Dyed fabrics inherited the antibacterial and ultraviolet absorption properties of prodigiosins. The bacteriostatic rate against Staphylococcus aureus was above than 98.5%, and the UV protection performance was obviously improved. This technology successfully realized the color and multi-functional construction of the lyocell fabric in one step by natural pigment from microorganism. 

Synergetic construction of color and multifunction for sustainable lyocell fabric by microbial nano pigment

As an important industrial crop product, green and efficient processing technology of cotton is the direction that people have been pursuing. As a kind of natural dye with great application prospect, microbial pigment has been widely concerned in the color and functionality construction of textiles. However, at present, almost all reports on the application of microbial pigments in the cotton dyeing are using intermittent processing methods, resulting in long production process, low pigment utilization rate, large resource consumption and other problems. In this research, efficient continuous mode of color and functionality construction for cotton fabric with bacterial pigment based on nano-suspension system was developed, which possessed the advantages of short process, low cost, high pigment utilization rate, and green environmental protection. Under the optimal dyeing condition of dye bath pH 3, rolling pressure 0.75 bar, steaming time 5 min and four-dip-four-nip, dyed cotton possessed soft and uniform color, good color fastness, as well as UV protection property and certain antibacterial and hydrophobic effect. The results of visible light reflection, FTIR and XPS spectra of dyed fabrics proved that the pigments were effectively dyed onto cotton fabrics. Compared with the past dip dyeing, this continuous mode processing with prodigiosins nano-suspension had great advantages of 160% increased utilization of pigment, 80% dyeing process time and 97.8% dye liquid reduction. In addition, nano prodigiosins could not only make cotton fabric appear purplish red, but also yellow color, so that two fabric colors could be achieved with only one single pigment. Because of green environmental protection and natural health property, the dyed fabric was particularly suitable for underwear and baby clothes. The efficient color and functionality construction of cotton fabric with biomass nano pigment provided a new direction for green application of cellulose fibers. 

Continuous mode of color and functionality construction for cotton by bacterial pigment based on nano-suspension system

BiOI/PPy/cotton photocatalytic fabric for efficient organic dye contaminant degradation and self-cleaning application

Functional textiles with superhydrophobicity and high adhesion to water, called parahydrophobic, are attracting increasing attention from industry and academia. The hierarchical (micronanoscale) surface patterns in nature provide an excellent reference for the manufacture of parahydrophobic functional textiles. However, the replication of the complex parahydrophobic micronanostructures in nature exceeds the ability of traditional manufacturing strategies, which makes it difficult to accurately manufacture controllable nanostructures on yarn and textiles. Herein, a two-photon femtosecond laser direct writing strategy with nanoscale process capability was utilized to accurately construct the functional parahydrophobic yarn with a diameter of 900 μm. Inspired by rose petals, the parahydrophobic yarn is composed of a hollow round tube, regularly arranged micropapillae (the diameter is 109 μm), and nanofolds (the distance is 800 nm) on papillae. The bionic yarn exhibited a superior parahydrophobic behavior, where the liquid droplet not only was firmly adhered to the bionic yarn at an inverted angle (180°) but also presented as spherical on the yarn (the maximum water contact angle is 159°). The fabric woven by the bionic yarn also exhibited liquid droplet-catching ability even when tilted vertically or turned upside down. Based on the excellent parahydrophobic function of bionic yarn, we demonstrated a glove that has very wide application potential in the fields of water droplet-based transportation, manipulation, microreactors, microextractors, etc.

3D-Printed Parahydrophobic Functional Textile with a Hierarchical Nanomicroscale Structure.

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3D-Printed Parahydrophobic Functional Textile with a Hierarchical Nanomicroscale Structure.