This work reports the isolation of cellulose from giant reed through an ecofriendly multistep procedure including alkali treatment and totally chlorine free delignification, followed by acid hydrolysis to prepare microcrystalline cellulose using different acidic solutions (HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, HCl/HNO3 (2:1, v/v), and HCl/H2SO4 (2:1, v/v)). Several characterizations were performed in order to investigate the properties of each sample. FTIR results affirmed that the successive alkali treatment, totally chlorine free bleaching, and acid hydrolysis remove efficiently hemicellulose, lignin, and amorphous regions from the giant reed, and showed that the characteristic peaks of the prepared giant reed microcrystalline celluloses (GRMCC-HCl, GRMCC-HNO3, GRMCC-H2SO4, GRMCC-HCl/HNO3, and GRMCC-HCl/H2SO4) were similar to those of the commercial one. XRD measurements exhibited that microcrystalline cellulose produced from giant reed belong to cellulose I allomorph, with crystallinity index ranging from 73 to 80%. SEM micrographs revealed non-uniform micro sized rod-like shape morphology of GRMCC samples. The thermal analysis results displayed that the thermal decomposition of the obtained GRMCCs shifted to higher temperatures compared to the respective giant reed cellulose. This work opened a new pathway to prepare cellulose and microcrystalline cellulose from an abundant natural source using an ecofriendly process, and it could be expected to have applications in several areas.

Ecofriendly isolation and characterization of microcrystalline cellulose from giant reed using various acidic media

Novel cellulose-based biosorbent from lemongrass leaf combined with cellulose acetate for adsorption of crystal violet.

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) has been widely used in medicine, food and cosmetic industries. In this study, a combination method by using hydrochloric acid hydrolysis and fibrolytic enzyme purification was studied to extract MCC from sweet sorghum. The response surface methodology was employed to optimize the hydrochloric acid hydrolysis condition and therefore to maximize the MCC yield and cellulose content (purity). The optimal conditions for the hydrochloric acid hydrolysis were determined to be acid concentration of 7.0%, liquid–solid ratio of 17.3:1, time of 90 min, and temperature of 40 °C. Under such conditions, the yield and cellulose content of acid-extracted MCC were 81.8% and 93.2%, respectively. For enzyme refining of acid-extracted MCC, the optimum conditions were enzyme dosage of 4000 U/g substrate and time of 2 h, with which the yield, cellulose content and DP of the refined MCC were 80.03%, 99.80% and 287, respectively which were comparable to that of the commercial MCC (Lowa®PH101). Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and 13C NMR were used to characterize the refined MCC. The refined MCC demonstrated rod-shaped morphologies, and had a series of characteristic absorption peaks and chemical groups pertain to cellulose as similar to the Lowa®PH101. The X-ray diffraction pattern and 13C NMR spectrum reflected that the refined MCC had typical cellulose I structure. TGA indicated that the refined MCC had good thermal stability. This study showed sweet sorghum is a potential low-cost raw material for MCC production, and the combined acid-enzyme extraction method is promising to extract high purity MCC from cellulosic substrate.

Characteristic microcrystalline cellulose extracted by combined acid and enzyme hydrolysis of sweet sorghum

Redispersion of dried plant nanocellulose: A review.

Facile synthesis of novel porous graphene-like carbon hydrogel for highly efficient recovery of precious metal and removal of organic dye

A novel method for preparing microcrystalline cellulose from bleached chemical pulp using transition metal ions enhanced high temperature liquid water process.

A kind of lignin-rich microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) with short rod structure was successfully prepared from spruce chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP) fibers via Fe3+ enhanced high temperature liquid water (HTLW) treatment process. During this process, hemicelluloses were selectively removed, while lignin and cellulose were partially dissolved. The α-cellulose content of as-prepared MCC specimens increased significantly. XRD analysis indicated that the MCC specimens exhibited higher crystallization index than original specimen and was cellulose I type. GPC and 2D NMR analyses indicated that lignin suffered strengthened depolymerization and condensation effects under the catalytic effect of Fe3+ during treatment process. These resulted in the decreased molecular weight and polydispersity index (PDI), also hindered the further dissolution of lignin component from as-prepared MCC specimens. A relatively small repose angle indicated that the as-prepared MCC exhibited a desirable fluidity comparable to the commercial MCC product. TG analysis also showed that MCC specimens exhibited better thermal stability than commercial MCC product, which might be used as a filler to enhance the thermal performance of composites. Besides, this kind of lignin-rich MCC is also expected to be used in the field of medicinal food aid and feed additive.

Preparing lignin-rich microcrystalline cellulose from spruce chemithermomechanical pulp fiber by Fe3+ enhanced high temperature liquid water treatment

The invention provides a method for preparation of microcrystalline cellulose with a transition metal ion catalyst. The method includes the steps of: 1) pouring a pulp board into a transition metal chloride solution to prepare a pulp suspension; 2) reacting the pulp suspension in a reaction kettle at 160DEG C-220DEG C to obtain a mixture containing microcrystalline cellulose; and 3) subjecting themixture to solid-liquid separation, performing washing with clean water to neutral, and conducting drying and physical crushing to obtain microcrystalline cellulose. The method provided by the invention has no need of adding inorganic acid in the preparation process, and is environmentally friendly. At the same time, the method provided by the invention uses commercial pulp board as the raw material, thus increasing the source of microcrystalline cellulose raw material.

Method for preparation of microcrystalline cellulose with transition metal ion catalyst

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A novel method for preparing microcrystalline cellulose from bleached chemical pulp using transition metal ions enhanced high temperature liquid water process.

Preparing lignin-rich microcrystalline cellulose from spruce chemithermomechanical pulp fiber by Fe3+ enhanced high temperature liquid water treatment

Method for preparation of microcrystalline cellulose with transition metal ion catalyst