Abstract Preventing/mitigating natural disasters in urban areas can indirectly be part of the 17 sustainable economic and social development intentions according to the United Nations in 2015. Four types of natural disasters—flooding, heavy rain-induced slope failures/landslides; earthquakes causing structure failure/collapse, and land subsidence—are briefly considered in this article. With the increased frequency of climate change-induced extreme weathers, the numbers of flooding and heavy rain-induced slope failures/landslides in urban areas has increased in recent years. There are both engineering methods to prevent their occurrence, and more effectively early prediction and warning systems to mitigate the resulting damage. However, earthquakes still cannot be predicted to an extent that is sufficient to avoid damage, and developing and adopting structures that are resilient against earthquakes, that is, structures featuring earthquake resistance, vibration damping, and seismic isolation, are essential tasks for sustainable city development. Land subsidence results from human activity, and is mainly due to excessive pumping of groundwater, which is a “natural” disaster caused by human activity. Countermeasures include effective regional and/or national freshwater management and local water recycling to avoid excessive pumping the groundwater. Finally, perspectives for risk warning and hazard prevention through enhanced field monitoring, risk assessment with multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM), and artificial intelligence (AI) technology. 

Prevention/mitigation of natural disasters in urban areas

Abstract The weakening of rock mass after immersion substantially affects slope stability. Considering the mudstone in the north slope of the Fushun West Open pit as the research object, we investigated the failure and creep characteristics of mudstone under different immersion times and confining pressures. For this, we used a self-developed experimental apparatus that applies biaxial compression loading in a water immersion environment. Water significantly changed the strength and failure mode of the mudstone. The increase in confining pressure limits the expansion of the crack aperture, reduces the rock strength-weakening coefficient, and delays the rock weakening time. The change in cohesion is primarily responsible for the weakening of shear strength during immersion. Based on the creep test results, the creep curve of the soaking specimen was identical to that of the dry specimen in the initial phase. The weakening effect of water on the specimen increased as the soaking duration increased, due to which the creep curve of the soaking specimen gradually approached that of the saturated specimen. Water entered the microcracks and reacted with the rock interior, accelerating rock failure. Consequently, the soaking specimen had the lowest stress level for creep failure and the shortest failure time. The results of this experiment provide a reference for the long-term stability of the flooded slope. 

Effect of water on the rock strength and creep behavior of green mudstone

宣城矿集区是长江中下游成矿带内新提出的矿集区，近年来取得了重大的找矿突破，尤其是大型斑岩型铜金矿的发现使宣城矿集区逐渐成为研究热点。宣城矿集区一系列的斑岩-矽卡岩矿床均与早白垩世侵入体密切相关。荞麦山铜钨矿床是区内典型的矽卡岩矿床，矿床形成与花岗闪长斑岩密切相关，且花岗闪长斑岩发育较多的暗色包体。确定暗色包体的成因有助于深入理解含矿岩体的岩浆演化过程及成矿意义。本次工作以荞麦山矿床花岗闪长斑岩和暗色包体作为研究对象进行U-Pb同位素年代学、岩石及矿物地球化学、全岩Sr-Nd、锆石Hf-O同位素地球化学分析，探讨暗色包体及成矿岩体的源区、岩浆演化过程及其对成矿的意义。暗色包体的形成时代为141Ma（MSWD=0.8），（87Sr/86Sr）i值为0.7059~0.7069，eNd（t）值为-6.0~-9.2，eHf（t）值为-12.7~-5.8，δ18O值为5.8‰~7.7‰；寄主岩石形成时代为140Ma（MSWD=0.3），（87Sr/86Sr）i值为0.7061~0.7064，eNd（t）值为-8.7~-7.7，eHf（t）值为-12.1~-8.1，δ18O值为5.6‰~7.4‰。此外，暗色包体与寄主岩石主要氧化物含量与SiO2含量呈线性负相关趋势、微量元素特征相似和寄主岩石斜长石斑晶的不平衡结构及捕掳晶的发现指示荞麦山暗色包体为岩浆混合成因，花岗闪长斑岩为起源于富集地幔的岩浆与壳源岩浆混合成的母岩浆侵位而来，同时幔源岩浆和壳源岩浆的混合也分别提供了成矿金属元素铜和钨，最终形成了铜钨共生的荞麦山矿床。

Origin and metallogenic significance of the ore-forming intrusion and its mafic microgranular enclaves in the Qiaomaishan deposit, Xuancheng City, Anhui Province: Geochronology, geochemistry, Sr-Nd-Hf-O isotopic constraints

Formation mechanism and dynamic process of open-pit coal mine landslides: a case study of the Xinjing landslide in Inner Mongolia, China

Accelerated deformation and slope instability commonly occur within open-pit mines, indicating the action of potential triggering events such as mining disturbances or rainfall. However, limited studies have been conducted on the deformation behavior of open-pit slopes subjected to the combined effects of mining blasting and rainfall infiltration. This study proposes an integrated approach that combines satellite Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), coupled numerical analyses, and field monitoring for systematic evaluation of the deformation behavior and failure characteristic of a massive landslide that occurred on November 8, 2019 in the Qidashan open-pit mine, China. The InSAR data were reviewed aiming at characterizing the surface deformation fields over the mine site via small baseline subsets technique, as well as identifying unstable slopes and revealing their high susceptibility to mining operations and rainfall. Finite-difference modeling was performed to investigate the response mechanisms and factor of safety of the unstable slope, which were validated by using field data monitored with the global navigation satellite system. The simulation results indicate that the Qidashan landslides were triggered by intense rainfall causing a gradual reduction of shear strength, and mining activities promoted failure by providing stress relaxation and blasting disturbance. Furthermore, this study contributes critical insight into the identification of deformation and early warning of unstable slopes in frequent mining environments, and allows for a back-analysis of the failure mechanism of landslide reactivation. This study highlights how important it is to account for the combined effects of mining and rainfall infiltration when assessing the stability of open-pit slopes, which can mitigate the failure risk. 

Deformation and failure characteristic of open-pit slope subjected to combined effects of mining blasting and rainfall infiltration

Failure characteristics and mechanism of a rain-triggered landslide in the northern longwall of Fushun west open pit, China

Nontargeted metabolomic analysis of four different parts of Actinidia arguta by UPLC-Q-TOF-MSE.

The ore-element associations are closely associated with the relative oxidation state and the degree of fractional crystallization. Study on the redox state of granite is a valid reference on discriminating rock types and prospecting ore elements. In general, Mo, Cu and Au mineralization is associated with oxidized granite, whereas Sn is related to the reduced granite (Blevin and Chappell, 1992). Tungsten occurs as W in evolved granitic melt, which is weakly controlled by redox state. In Australia and Japan, tungsten deposits could occur as W-Mo-Cu and WSn-F series, corresponding oxidized and reduced granites, respectively (Blevin and Chappell, 1992; Kwak and White, 1982). Most skarn minerals have compositional variations that can yield significant information about the skarn evolution and can be used to differentiate skarn types. Garnet and pyroxene compositions in skarns are particularly important as they can indicate redox condition of a skarn system. Stable isotope are of great help in understanding the origin of specific hydrothermal ore deposits. The Xintianling granite complex, associated with a large scheelite skarn deposit, is situated in the middle Nanling Range, South China. This skarn deposit is the third largest tungsten deposit in China, ranking only second to the Dahutang and Shizhuyuan deposits. In this study, we systematically analyzed the whole-rock geochemistry, Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb isotopes, and chemical compositions of rock-forming and accessory minerals to constrain the petrogeneis of the granitic rocks in the Xintianling deposit. Meanwhile, the redox state of the granitic rocks is evaluated based on the magnetic susceptibility, magnetite/ilmenite ratios, Fe/Fe ratios of biotite and Ce abnormities of zircons. we also observed the paragenesis of different skarn minerals, and analyzed mineral chemical compositions together with C-H-O-S isotopes to discuss the physico-chemical conditions of skarn.

Redox State of the Granitic Rocks and Formation of the Scheelite Skarn in the Xintianling Deposit, Nanling Range, South China

Comparative tests on the failure characteristics and mechanisms of slopes with curved surfaces

Failure characteristics and mechanism of a landslide in weathered phyllite at Anqian iron mine, Liaoning, China

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