With increasing terrorist attacks in recent years, many researchers paid special attention to investigate the responses and failure behaviors of reinforced concrete (RC) structures subjected to blast loads. Generally, RC structures would demonstrate brittle damages and localized spallation along with ductile failure modes due to high-rate actions of explosions. Hence, the vast majority of the studies in the literature focused on recognizing the damage mechanisms and the material behaviors of RC structures under high-rate blast loads. This paper aims to comprehensively review on existing analytical, numerical, and experimental studies in the literature investigating the loading mechanisms, dynamic responses and failure behaviors of various concrete structures subjected to blast loads. In addition, the sensitivity of the blast responses of RC structures to various structural- and loading-related parameters are reviewed based on the findings of previous studies.

Blast loads induced responses of RC structural members: State-of-the-art review

By harnessing the benefits from both construction and demolition waste recycling and geopolymer binders, geopolymeric recycled aggregate concrete (GRAC) can contribute to the green and eco-friendly construction material products. In this study, the compressive behavior of GRAC based on fly ash and slag was experimentally investigated under both quasi-static and dynamic loadings. Quasi-static compressive tests were performed by using a high-force servo-hydraulic test system, while dynamic compressive tests were carried out by using a O80-mm split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) apparatus. The compressive properties of GRAC under dynamic loading, including stress-strain curves, energy absorption capability, and failure modes were obtained and compared with those under quasi-static loading. The results show that the compressive properties of GRAC exhibit a strong strain rate dependency. Although the recycled aggregate replacement decreases the quasi-static compressive strength, it exhibits a slight effect on the compressive strength at high strain rates. The dynamic increase factor (DIF) for compressive strength exhibits an significant increasing trend with the recycled aggregate replacement. On the other hand, the incorporation of slag increases the quasi-static compressive strength, dynamic compressive strength, and DIF. As for the energy absorption capacity, a minor enhancement is achieved with the recycled aggregate replacement, while a significant improvement is identified after the inclusion of slag. Empirical DIF formulae for compressive strength of GRAC are proposed, in which the DIF increases approximately linearly with the strain rate in a logarithmic manner.

Investigation on dynamic mechanical properties of fly ash/slag-based geopolymeric recycled aggregate concrete

Ultra-high-performance geopolymer concrete: A review

Waste destruction through incineration has widely become an acceptable and popular choice globally. Despite being regarded as a sustainable option, if not operated and managed properly, it can be one of the least environmentally preferred options. It is agreed that the waste from municipal solid waste (MSW) can be considered a renewable energy resource due to its potential of being converted from “waste” into useful products and energy. This review for the first time incorporates both municipal solid waste bottom ash (MSW-BA) and municipal solid waste fly ash (MSW-FA); and discusses their physicochemical characterizations, leaching mechanisms, and pre-treatment methods. Additionally, it incorporates, discusses, and critically reviews the recent advances and applications of MSW-BA and MSW-FA, and explore the potential of utilizing ashes as a sustainable option by conserving natural resources.

Recent advances and applications of municipal solid wastes bottom and fly ashes: Insights into sustainable management and conservation of resources

Numerical analysis on the thermal performance of a novel PCM-encapsulated porous heat storage Trombe-wall system

In this study, the mechanical properties of a novel high performance alkali-activated geopolymer concrete under both static and dynamic loads were studied. The ground granulated blast-furnace slag powder (GGBS) and silica fume were used to manufacture this geopolymer concrete. Slabs that cast with this geopolymer concrete and steel wire mesh reinforcement were tested under close-in TNT explosion. The steel rebar reinforced C30 concrete slabs were tested as a control group. It is found that the steel wire mesh reinforced geopolymer concrete slabs achieved a more uniform strain distribution, which means a better structural performance against blast loadings as compared to the conventional C30 concrete slab under the same blast loads. The numerical investigation was then conducted to elaborate the test results.

Experimental and numerical investigation of blast resistant capacity of high performance geopolymer concrete panels

A study of steel wire mesh reinforced high performance geopolymer concrete slabs under blast loading

Blast testing of high performance geopolymer composite walls reinforced with steel wire mesh and aluminium foam

The study of tar behaviors in underground coal gasification (UCG) is essential for pollution control, system safety and conversion efficiency; however, existing studies have only focused on tar in products without revealing tar evolution in the reaction zone, and the experimental conditions in reported work are far from those in the real situation. In this work, tar behaviors were studied with a self-developed apparatus to simulate the UCG process. During the experiments, the sampling method along the gasification channel was used to collect tar at different positions; the gasification object was a large raw coal block 460 mm × 230 mm × 230 mm in size, and the flow rate of the inlet gas was adjusted according to the composition of products. The tar samples were not only taken from the outlet, but also from the reaction zone, and then analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. For all the tar samples, C15H13N and its isomer were the most abundant compounds, with a total percentage greater than 14%. Most of the top five chemicals contained more than nine carbon atoms in their molecular formulae, indicating that more heavy tar than light tar is formed by low-temperature pyrolysis. Compared with the upstream tar, the downstream tar had fewer PAHs and a lower boiling point, due to the decomposition of the heavy tar. The downstream tar contained more of the element fluorine (F) than upstream and outlet tars, indicating that tar pollution remaining in the reaction zone cannot be evaluated by monitoring the outlet tar.

/pdf/application-of-gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry-in-tar-kv8gfe50.pdf

Application of Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry in Tar Analysis from Underground Gasification

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Experimental and numerical investigation of blast resistant capacity of high performance geopolymer concrete panels

A study of steel wire mesh reinforced high performance geopolymer concrete slabs under blast loading

Blast testing of high performance geopolymer composite walls reinforced with steel wire mesh and aluminium foam

Application of Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry in Tar Analysis from Underground Gasification