This review, covering mainly papers of the last decade, focuses on recent findings on the different factors affecting the chemical composition of essential oils, such as exogenous and endogenous fa...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1934578X0900400827

Factors affecting chemical variability of essential oils: a review of recent developments.

Bioactive constituents in Prunus africana: geographical variation throughout Africa and associations with environmental and genetic parameters.

Mexican oregano is an aromatic plant traditionally harvested from wild populations by rural communities; however, there is little information about population genetics aspects of this species. Moreover, considering that the variation in essential oil production of aromatic plants has been attributed to several environmental as well as genetic factors, in this study we estimated the genetic diversity and genetic structure from 14 wild populations of L. graveolens located in four different bioclimatic regions in southeastern Mexico using AFLP markers. The overall genetic diversity of L. graveolens described as the percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL = 60.9 %) and Nei’s gene diversity (H
 j
  = 0.17) was moderate, but not associated with the bioclimatic conditions. Genetic variation was analyzed at chemotype and population levels. Regarding chemotypes, thymol had the highest genetic diversity (PPL = 82.8 % and H
 j
  = 0.22). PCoA revealed that chemotypes exhibit a certain level of genetic differentiation. Maximum parsimony dendrogram showed a grouping of individuals with a predominant chemotype. Bayesian analyses revealed a low, but significant differentiation among chemotypes (θ
 ΙΙ = 0.008). Regarding populations, gene diversity showed significant differences (F
 13,1204 = 22.8, P < 0.001); populations dominated by individuals from the thymol chemotype showed the highest gene diversity (H
 j
  = 0.31–0.25), while populations with exclusively sesquiterpene chemotype showed the lowest value (H
 j
  = 0.058). Cluster and Bayesian analyses (θ
 ΙΙ = 0.027) revealed a low level of genetic differentiation among populations. Correlation analysis showed a significant association between the distance matrices based on the genetic markers (AFLP) and chemical compounds of essential oil (r = 0.06, P < 0.001). Our results suggest an important genetic influence on the observed chemical profiles. Nevertheless, other biotic and abiotic environmental pressures also play an important role in determining the chemotype and structure found in this aromatic species.

Genetic diversity and genetic structure in wild populations of Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens H.B.K.) and its relationship with the chemical composition of the essential oil

Twenty-seven accessions of Lippia alba Mill. collected in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, were analysed by ISSR and RAPD markers to evaluate their genetic variability and relationships. Six ISSR primers and four RAPD primers generated 120 amplified fragments, most of which were polymorphics. The overall genetic variability among accessions was very high when compared with other plant species. The hierarchical analysis of molecular data (UPGMA) showed low relationship between accessions, and no grouping between accessions of the same chemotype. Canonical functions allowed identifying some variables related with the chemical characteristics of the essential oils. Both ISSR and RAPD markers were efficient to address the genetic diversity of L. alba, and may contribute to the conservation and breeding of this increasingly important aromatic and medicinal species.

/pdf/genetic-variation-among-south-brazilian-accessions-of-lippia-1town5shbc.pdf

Genetic variation among South Brazilian accessions of Lippia alba Mill. (Verbenaceae) detected by ISSR and RAPD markers

Hesperozygis ringens Benth. (Lamiaceae) is an aromatic and medicinal plant, characterized by a high concentration of isopulegone; it is endemic to the mountains of southeast Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and currently is considered endangered. The present study evaluated the intra- and interpopulation genetic variability of H. ringens by means of RAPD and ISSR molecular markers. The results showed that H. ringens populations are genetically structured, with low gene flow between populations, confirming the fragmentation imposed by anthropic action. Populations from the two areas of occurrence are genetically different. Low intrapopulation variability and heterozygosity were detected, indicating genetic drift and inbreeding. Based on the data, conservation strategies are discussed.

Genetic Variability in Hesperozygis ringens Benth. (Lamiaceae), an Endangered Aromatic and Medicinal Plant of Southern Brazil

The chemical composition of the essential oils of five natural populations of P ovalifolia from central and southwest China and their interpopulation variability were first analyzed by using GC-MS. Twenty-two essential oil compounds were obtained, in which eighteen ones were identified and characterized representing 95% -96% of the oil composition. Three main chemotypes, i.e., the methyl-acetyl-hydroquinone-rich, hydroquinone-rich, and acetyl-hydroquinone-rich chemotypes, were then differentiated, corresponding to the three groups obtained from the cluster analysis based on the essential oil composition percentages. Genetic variations among the five populations were also investigated using the Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers. Finally, the Mantel test showed that there was a significant correlation between two distance matrices based on the chemical compounds of essential oils and ISSR markers, confirming the congruence of interpopulation relationships in the P. ovalifolia revealed by the chemical and molecular markers.

http://znaturforsch.com/ac/v58c/s58c0057.pdf

Interpopulation congruence in Chinese Primula ovalifolia revealed by chemical and molecular markers using essential oils and ISSRs.

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Interpopulation congruence in Chinese Primula ovalifolia revealed by chemical and molecular markers using essential oils and ISSRs.