During ovarian follicular development in humans, only a limited number of follicles mature and ovulate. The vast majority of follicles stop developing after the formation of an antrum and then undergo atresia. The few that are selected to become ovulatory follicles are transformed into corpora lutea following ovulation. The lifespan of the corpus luteum is also limited. In each oestrus/menstrual cycle, corpora lutea regress and are eliminated by a progress called luteolysis. During atresia and luteolysis, granulosa and lutein cells undergo apoptosis. It is believed that there are many signal transduction pathways that control apoptosis in order to suppress full maturation of too many follicles and to protect the dominant follicle from the apoptotic process prior the ovulation. Such interplay between different factors, some of them produced in the ovary, may modulate apoptosis of corpus luteum cells, in order to preserve the function of the corpus luteum during pregnancy or to eliminate the old corpora lutea of the previous cycle. The present review reports a number of factors that regulate follicular atresia and corpus luteum regression, via apoptotic pathways. Elucidation of apoptotic mechanisms may lead to prevention of female infertility or other pathological conditions.

https://www.rbmojournal.com/article/S1472-6483(10)61304-1/pdf

Novel trends in follicular development, atresia and corpus luteum regression: a role for apoptosis.

Steady-state level of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptor mRNA and the effect of IGF-I on the in vitro culture of caprine preantral follicles

Involvement of AFP against apoptosis of tumor cell has been implicated in its evasion of immune surveillance. However, the molecular events of immune escape mechanisms are still unknown. The major observations reported here relate to a possible mechanism by which heptoloma Bel 7402 cells escape immune surveillance in vitro. Western blotting and a well-characterized cofocal scanning image were performed to analyze the expression of Fas/FasL and caspase-3 in co-cultured Bel 7402 and Jurkat cells. After co-culture with Jurkat cells, up-regulated Fas and reduced FasL expression could be observed. Treatment with AFP could remarkably inhibit the elevated Fas and, whereas, induce the FasL expression in co-cultured Bel 7402 cells. Cells co-culture could induce the expression of caspase-3 in both cells line. The elevated caspase-3 in Bel 7402 cells was abolished following the treatment of AFP. The expression of caspase-3 was elevated in co-cultured Jurkat cells treated with AFP. No detectable change on the expression of survivin was examined in both cells line. Monoclonal antibody against AFP treatment alone did not obviously influence the growth of cells, as well as the expression of Fas/FasL and caspase-3. However, the effect of AFP could be blocked by antibody. our results provide evidence that AFP could promote the escape of liver cancer cells from immune surveillance through blocking the caspase signal pathway of tumor cells and triggering the Fas/FasL interaction between tumor cells and lymphocytes.

/pdf/effects-of-alpha-fetoprotein-on-escape-of-bel-7402-cells-i1ravmv7ac.pdf

Effects of alpha fetoprotein on escape of Bel 7402 cells from attack of lymphocytes

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a dynamic medium containing kit ligand (KL) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) on the in vitro culture of caprine preantral follicles for 16 da

Dynamic medium containing kit ligand and follicle-stimulating hormone promotes follicular survival, activation, and growth during long-term in vitro culture of caprine preantral follicles.

Forced moulting is a management technique used to intentionally promote the production pause of eggs, followed by a rejuvenation of the reproductive apparatus of commercially-laying birds, in order to prolong the bird's life expectancy and reduce costs with the acquisition of new animals. The commonly used method is feeding fasting, however this management causes immunological changes in the bird which may make it susceptible to various infections. Therefore, the use of alternative methods, such as the supply of wheat bran and zinc oxide, avoids the stress of fasting and consequently the depression of the immune system avoiding diseases such as Salmonellosis. The objective of the present study was to verify the interference that the various alternative methods of forced moulting have on the excretion of Salmonella Enteritidis in quails. A total of 192 60-week-old Japanese quails were used in eight treatments and six repetitions following: groups inoculated orally with 2x109 colony forming unit (CFU) of Salmonella Enteritidis submitted to forced moulting using the food fasting method, wheat bran, zinc oxide and control, as well as groups of birds not incoculated using the same forced moulting methods mentioned. Faeces samples and cloacal swabs were collected on days 1, 4, 7 and 14 after inoculation and eggs were collected during the first six days of the week in which the experiment starts and two weeks after the moulting. All samples were subjected to bacteriological analyses for recovery of Salmonella Enteritidis on cloacal swabs, faeces and eggs. Salmonella Enteritidis was isolated from cloacal swabs and faeces samples from the inoculated quails submitted to the treatments: wheat bran, zinc oxide, control and food fasting, the isolation ranging from 16.6 to 100% positivity. The eggs collected were negative for Salmonella Enteritidis in microbiological analysis. In conclusion, the study reaffirms that fasting reduces the immunity of Japanese quails and that, due to the high concentration of the ingested bacterial inoculum, it caused a continuous excretion of Salmonella Enteritidis, regardless of the forced moulting method used.

Universidade estadual do ceará pró-reitoria de pós-graduação e pesquisa faculdade de veterinária programa de pós-graduação em ciências veterinárias

In the present study we employed a two-step culture system to study the expression of Fas, p53 and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the development in vitro of human fetal germ cells. p53 mRNA was determined by Northern blotting, and Fas content was assessed by western blotting. RT-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nPCR) analysis was performed to determine the expression of AFP mRNA in different stages of fetal follicular development. Follicular cell apoptosis was evaluated by DNA fragmentation analyses (DNA ladder). The results showed that by day 7 of culture approximately one-sixth of fetal germ cells grew to class C oocytes (primary oocytes) from class B oocytes (primordial oocytes) or class A oocytes. On day 45 of culture, one-third of these primary follicles doubled in size. In the meantime, there was a high proportion apoptosis of follicular cells on days 35 or 45 of culture, as evident by a clear ladder pattern of DNA fragmentation upon electrophoretic analysis. Expression of Fas antigen and p53 mRNA increased in a time-dependent manner, while AFP mRNA was expressed on days 10 to 35, and disappeared on day 45. These results indicate that human fetal germ cells can develop in a two-step culture system and AFP may play an active role in the proliferation of these germ cells. At the late stage of follicular development in vitro , a number of follicular cells became apoptotic. Moreover, apoptosis may be the mechanism responsible for fetal germ cell regression and the Fas antigen and/or p53-mediated death pathway may be central in the induction of germ cell regression.

Expression of Fas, p53 and AFP in development of human fetal germ cells in vitro.

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Expression of Fas, p53 and AFP in development of human fetal germ cells in vitro.