Utilization of coral debris as aggregate for the preparation of seawater coral aggregate concrete (SCAC) can effectively solve the problem of raw materials shortage and reduce energy consumption caused by marine transportation. However, the high porosity and high salt content of coral aggregate significantly affect the long-term mechanical and durability-related performance of concrete structures. The durability of modified SCAC in marine environment as well as the corrosion issue is still a serious threat to the degradation of the reinforced SCAC. Aiming at the widespread application of SCAC in practical engineering, the pre-treatment protocols were proposed to strength the physical properties of coral aggregate in concrete. It is expected that using supplementary cementitious materials, fibers, stainless steel bars and fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars can effectively improve the durability of SCAC, but the related investigations are still limited. Based on this, the current research on the durability of unmodified and modified SCAC under different environmental actions is presented and discussed, and the service life prediction models of reinforced SCAC are further summarized. This paper can be helpful in deeply understanding the deterioration mechanism of SCAC durability and provides a favorable basis for further research on the long-term performance of reinforced SCAC, promoting its application in marine engineering. 

A state-of-the-art review on the durability of seawater coral aggregate concrete exposed to marine environment

A reappraisal of the ink-bottle effect and pore structure of cementitious materials using intrusion-extrusion cyclic mercury porosimetry

Chloride corrosion resistance of cement mortar with recycled concrete powder modified by nano-silica

Effect of loading-induced damage on chloride ingress behavior of recycled aggregate concrete: A comprehensive review

Thermal resistance, water absorption and microstructure of high-strength self-compacting lightweight aggregate concrete (HSSC-LWAC) after exposure to elevated temperatures

Chloride-induced corrosion is a critical issue that influences the durability and mechanical performance of reinforced concrete (RC) structures exposed to marine tidal and splash environments. This paper presents an experimental and theoretical investigation on the chloride transport behavior in concrete exposed to an aggressive marine environment for up to 720 days. Field exposure tests were performed in marine tidal and splash zones, and free chloride concentration profiles for different types of concrete after several exposure times, i.e. 90, 180, 360 and 720 days, were obtained. The effects of the water-to-cement ratio, binder type, exposure environment and exposure time on the time dependency of the chloride diffusion coefficient (D) and surface chloride concentration (Cs) were analyzed and discussed. Based on the obtained results, a modified time-dependent prediction model of chloride ingress into concrete was established and validated by considering the time-dependency effect of material and environmental factors. The results indicate that the comparisons of the predicted chloride profiles using the developed time-dependent prediction model were in good agreement with the results of the real marine exposure test. 

Experimental and theoretical investigation of chloride ingress into concrete exposed to real marine environment

Understanding the simultaneous transport mechanism of water and chloride in unsaturated concrete under cyclic drying-wetting condition plays a crucial role in assessing the service life of concrete structure. This paper presents an experimental investigation and mesoscale numerical modeling of chloride penetration coupled with capillary suction in unsaturated concrete exposed to cyclic drying-wetting condition. The hydraulic diffusivity modeling considering the effects of gaseous and liquid water for drying and wetting periods was first developed. Combining with the extended Darcy’s law and the convection-diffusion model, the coupled model of capillary suction and chloride penetration in unsaturated concrete under cyclic drying-wetting condition was further proposed. Aiming at obtaining some model parameters for numerical model validation, the laboratory tests of drying-wetting cycles and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) test of samples after different drying-wetting cycles were conducted. C30 and C50 specimens were exposed to the chloride attack environment in a self-designed automatic marine tidal chamber with two kinds of drying-wetting cycle ratio ( α t = 3:1 and 85.4:1) for the exposure durations of 30 and 90 days. The results indicate that the established model can accurately predict the coupled transport of water and chloride in unsaturated concrete under cyclic drying-wetting condition. Furthermore, the effects of drying-wetting ratio and initial saturation degree on the behavior of water and chloride transport in concrete were discussed. • Model of hydraulic diffusivity for drying and wetting periods was developed. • Numerical modeling of coupled capillary suction and chloride penetration was presented. • Cyclic drying-wetting test of chloride ingress by self-designed apparatus was conducted. • Chloride profiles obtained by numerical modeling were compared with the obtained test data. • Effect of cyclic drying-wetting ratio and initial saturation degree was discussed. 

Numerical and experimental investigation of coupled capillary suction and chloride penetration in unsaturated concrete under cyclic drying-wetting condition

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Experimental and theoretical investigation of chloride ingress into concrete exposed to real marine environment

Numerical and experimental investigation of coupled capillary suction and chloride penetration in unsaturated concrete under cyclic drying-wetting condition