The photovoltaics of organic–inorganic lead halide perovskite materials have shown rapid improvements in solar cell performance, surpassing the top efficiency of semiconductor compounds such as CdTe and CIGS (copper indium gallium selenide) used in solar cells in just about a decade. Perovskite preparation via simple and inexpensive solution processes demonstrates the immense potential of this thin-film solar cell technology to become a low-cost alternative to the presently commercially available photovoltaic technologies. Significant developments in almost all aspects of perovskite solar cells and discoveries of some fascinating properties of such hybrid perovskites have been made recently. This Review describes the fundamentals, recent research progress, present status, and our views on future prospects of perovskite-based photovoltaics, with discussions focused on strategies to improve both intrinsic and extrinsic (environmental) stabilities of high-efficiency devices. Strategies and challenges regardi...

Halide Perovskite Photovoltaics: Background, Status, and Future Prospects

Planar structures for halide perovskite solar cells have recently garnered attention, due to their simple and low-temperature device fabrication processing. Unfortunately, planar structures typically show I–V  hysteresis and lower stable device efficiency compared with mesoporous structures, especially for TiO2-based n-i-p devices. SnO2, which has a deeper conduction band and higher electron mobility compared with traditional TiO2, could enhance charge transfer from perovskite to electron transport layers, and reduce charge accumulation at the interface. Here we report low-temperature solution-processed SnO2 nanoparticles as an efficient electron transport layer for perovskite solar cells. Our SnO2-based devices are almost free of hysteresis, which we propose is due to the enhancement of electron extraction. By introducing a PbI2 passivation phase in the perovskite layer, we obtain a 19.9 ± 0.6% certified efficiency. The devices can be easily processed under low temperature (150 ∘C), offering an efficient method for the large-scale production of perovskite solar cells. Planar structured perovskite solar cells often show hysteresis and lower efficiency than mesoporous ones. Jiang et al. show that using a SnO2 electron transport layer improves the performance of planar devices, reporting a certified efficiency of 19.9%, and enables a lower processing temperature.

Enhanced electron extraction using SnO 2 for high-efficiency planar-structure HC(NH 2 ) 2 PbI 3 -based perovskite solar cells

Organic and inorganic hybrid perovskites (e.g., CH(3)NH(3)PbI(3)), with advantages of facile processing, tunable bandgaps, and superior charge-transfer properties, have emerged as a new class of revolutionary optoelectronic semiconductors promising for various applications. Perovskite solar cells constructed with a variety of configurations have demonstrated unprecedented progress in efficiency, reaching about 20% from multiple groups after only several years of active research. A key to this success is the development of various solution-synthesis and film-deposition techniques for controlling the morphology and composition of hybrid perovskites. The rapid progress in material synthesis and device fabrication has also promoted the development of other optoelectronic applications including light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, and transistors. Both experimental and theoretical investigations on organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites have enabled some critical fundamental understandings of this material system. Recent studies have also demonstrated progress in addressing the potential stability issue, which has been identified as a main challenge for future research on halide perovskites. Here, we review recent progress on hybrid perovskites including basic chemical and crystal structures, chemical synthesis of bulk/nanocrystals and thin films with their chemical and physical properties, device configurations, operation principles for various optoelectronic applications (with a focus on solar cells), and photophysics of charge-carrier dynamics. We also discuss the importance of further understanding of the fundamental properties of hybrid perovskites, especially those related to chemical and structural stabilities.

Organic–inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskites for optoelectronic and electronic applications

The simplification of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), by replacing the mesoporous electron selective layer (ESL) with a planar one, is advantageous for large-scale manufacturing. PSCs with a planar TiO2 ESL have been demonstrated, but these exhibit unstabilized power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). Herein we show that planar PSCs using TiO2 are inherently limited due to conduction band misalignment and demonstrate, with a variety of characterization techniques, for the first time that SnO2 achieves a barrier-free energetic configuration, obtaining almost hysteresis-free PCEs of over 18% with record high voltages of up to 1.19 V.

/pdf/highly-efficient-planar-perovskite-solar-cells-through-band-2j6jb5kn4m.pdf

Highly efficient planar perovskite solar cells through band alignment engineering

In this review, the factors influencing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is emphasized. The PCE of PSCs has remarkably increased from 3.8% to 23.7%, but on the other hand, poor stability is one of the main facets that creates a huge barrier in the commercialization of PSCs. Herein, a concise overview of the current efforts to enhance the stability of PSCs is provided; moreover, the degradation causes and mechanisms are summarized. The strategies to improve device stability are portrayed in terms of structural effects, a photoactive layer, hole‐ and electron‐transporting layers, electrode materials, and device encapsulation. Last but not least, the economic feasibility of PSCs is also vividly discussed.

A Review of Perovskites Solar Cell Stability

We demonstrated SnO2 films prepared by sinter-less spin-coating processes as an electron selective contact for CH3NH3PbI3-based planar-heterojunction perovskite solar cells (PSCs). A modified sequential deposition method, in which the grain size of PbI2 precursors was controlled by an equivalent solvent vapor annealing (SVA) process, was used to prepare the perovskite layer on SnO2. With this SVA process, the remnant PbI2 nanocrystals can stably occur at the interface of CH3NH3PbI3/SnO2 to carry out a passivation effect. The photovoltaic performance of SnO2-based PSCs is dependent on both the SVA time and the thickness of the perovskite layer. The optimized PSC device achieves the best power conversion efficiency of up to 13% under the AM 1.5 simulated sunlight illumination, which is highly durable over 30 days of storage time with exposure to the ambient air environment.

Low-temperature SnO2-based electron selective contact for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells

Effect of alkyl chain length on the photovoltaic performance of oligothiophene-based small molecules

A new quaternized ammonium polyfluorene polyelectrolyte poly[3,3′-(2-(3-hexyl-5-(7-(4-hexyl-5-methylthiophen-2-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazol-4-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-7-methyl-9H-fluorene-9,9-diyl)bis(N,N-dimethylpropan-1-amine)]dibromide (PFBTBr) is applied as the cathode interfacial layer of a polymer solar cell based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM). Electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) measurements of PFBTBr layers demonstrate the formation of the interfacial dipole between the active layer and the cathode by inserting a PFBTBr interfacial layer. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements of PFBTBr layers with varied concentrations show that the morphology of the PFBTBr layer plays a direct, important role in the contact quality between the active layer and the PFBTBr interfacial layer, which can strongly affect the performance of devices. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements (XPS) indicate that PFBTBr may serve as a protective agent for the active layer against Al-induced degradation, since it prevents hot aluminum atoms from diffusing into the active layer. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the PSCs with the PFBTBr layer reaches 3.9% under the illumination of AM 1.5G, 100 mW cm−2, which is 1.6 times higher in comparison with that (2.4%) of the device without the PFBTBr layer. The significant increase in efficiency and easy utilization indicate that this interfacial material has promising and practical application prospects.

Influence of a polyelectrolyte based-fluorene interfacial layer on the performance of a polymer solar cell

ZnO thin films prepared by spin-coating of nanoparticles at low temperature were utilized as the electron collection layer in CH3NH3PbI3-based perovskite solar cells having a planar heterojunction ...

Efficient and Environmentally Stable Perovskite Solar Cells Based on ZnO Electron Collection Layer

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Low-temperature SnO2-based electron selective contact for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells

Effect of alkyl chain length on the photovoltaic performance of oligothiophene-based small molecules

Influence of a polyelectrolyte based-fluorene interfacial layer on the performance of a polymer solar cell

Efficient and Environmentally Stable Perovskite Solar Cells Based on ZnO Electron Collection Layer