Cell-fate decisions are controlled typically by conserved receptors that interact with co-evolved ligands. Therefore, the lineage-specific differentiation of immature CD4+CD8+ T cells into CD4+ or CD8+ mature T cells is unusual in that it is regulated by clonally expressed, somatically generated T-cell receptors (TCRs) of unpredictable fine specificity. Yet, each mature T cell generally retains expression of the co-receptor molecule (CD4 or CD8) that has an MHC-binding property that matches that of its TCR. Two models were proposed initially to explain this remarkable outcome — 'instruction' of lineage choice by initial signalling events or 'selection' after a stochastic fate decision that limits further development to cells with coordinated TCR and co-receptor specificities. Aspects of both models now appear to be correct; mistake-prone instruction of lineage choice precedes a subsequent selection step that filters out most incorrect decisions.

T cell development and the CD4-CD8 lineage decision

Introduction: the recurrent respiratory infection appearing at early ages have a high morbidity and there are many risk factors contributing to its development. Objective: to identify the immunoepidemiologic risk factors contributing to appearance of recurrent respiratory infections. Methods: a retrospective, longitudinal, descriptive and observational study was conducted in a group of children from Ciudad de La Habana y La Habana admitted due to this type of infections and came to immunology consultation from January, 2005 to December, 2007 of the "Angel Arturo Aballi" Maternal and Children Hospital. Results: the preschool age, male sex, non-effective breastfeeding, allergy, low birth weight, environmental tobacco smoke, assistance to nurseries and overcrowding were the more frequent risk factors. The more frequent immune response disorders were the cellular immune defect, the humoral immune defect and the phagocyte disorder. Conclusions: the immunoepidemiologic risk factors present in the study sample were: age between 1 to 5 years with predominance of male sex, non-effective breastfeeding, allergy, low birth weight, environmental tobacco smoke, overcrowding and assistance to nurseries. All these are accompanied of immune response defects with predominance of cellular branch.

http://scielo.sld.cu/pdf/ped/v83n3/ped02311.pdf

Factores de riesgo inmunoepidemiológicos en niños con infecciones respiratorias recurrentes

Biomodulina T partially restores immunosenescent CD4 and CD8 T cell compartments in the elderly.

We propose an analysis of historical association of using homeopathy with valuable data that appears from the nineteenth century in Cuba. Today it is a therapeutic choice in both developed and developing countries, it is estimated that millions of people are treated each year with homeopathic products, which also have very low

/pdf/la-homeopatia-como-propuesta-valida-para-la-atencion-4rott6ipjd.pdf

La homeopatía como propuesta válida para la atención primaria de salud

Worldwide, there has been a progressive demographic shift over the past 50 years resulting in a larger proportion of older adults in the general population. Aging itself is a complex biological phenomenon characterized in part by changes in the immune system known as "immunosenescence", which makes older adults more susceptible to infectious, cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases, as well as cancers. Several strategies have been proposed in an attempt to reverse immunosenescence, including use of hormones, cytokines and thymic factors. A promising drug in the search to restore the thymic microenvironment (which plays an important role in the regulation and maintenance of the immune system) in older adults is Biomodulina T, a Cuban product registered for use in patients with recurrent respiratory infections. The administration of Biomodulina T increases the number of naive T-lymphocyte, CD4-positive cells that have recently migrated from the thymus gland (recent thymic emigrants) and memory CD8-positive T lymphocytes, which have characteristics akin to stem cells (stem cell-like memory). Furthermore, the expression of programmed cell death 1 protein in CD4-positive T lymphocytes and CD4-positive T lymphocytes decreases, and the proliferative capacity of CD4-positive T lymphocytes increases, without changes in the frequency of regulatory T lymphocytes. These results suggest that the administration of Biomodulina T could be used to restore immunity in older adults and in other immunocompromised individuals, improve response to other immunotherapies in cancer patients, and increase the effi cacy of vaccinations in older adults. Its use has been approved in Cuba for immune system restoration.KEYWORDS Immunosenescence, aging, immunotherapy, immuno-modulation, antineoplastic protocols, Cuba.

/pdf/biomodulina-t-may-restore-immunity-in-older-adults-1b5bi00zc5.pdf

Biomodulina T May Restore Immunity in Older Adults.

Evaluación sonográfica del timo en niños sanos: Estudio preliminar

http://scielo.sld.cu/pdf/ped/v72n1/ped01100.pdf

Efecto de la biomodulina T 1000 sobre el timo en niños con infecciones recurrentes

Biomodulina Homeopática: Efecto terapéutico en niños con infecciones recurrentes

http://scielo.sld.cu/pdf/ped/v71n3/ped01399.pdf

Ecografía tímica de niños con infecciones recurrentes

La miastenia gravis es una entidad clinica de origen autoinmune, cuya terapia habitual se realiza con drogas anticolinergicas, la timectomia o la terapia con esteroides. Fue el objetivo del trabajo el conocer los cambios que se producen en el tamano del area timica, con el uso de esteroides, en una paciente de 2 anos de edad, que presentaba miastenia gravis juvenil, con una hiperplasia timica. Esta glandula alcanzo un area maxima de 1 928 mm. Con el uso de la prednisona a 60 mg por semanas se produjo una timectomia medicamentosa, con la reduccion del area timica a 439 mm y remision total de la sintomatologia. Se realizaron las mediciones periodicamente durante un ano de los cambios del area de este organo. No se produjeron recaidas de la enfermedad de base. La ultrasonografia demostro ser un metodo util, por ser rapido, barato y no invasiva y permite un ajuste adecuado de la dosis de esteroides que se administrara.

http://scielo.sld.cu/pdf/ped/v73n1/ped10101.pdf

Estudio de apoptosis linfoide por esteroides en 1 caso con miastenia gravis: Seguimiento por ultrasonografía

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