The gem5 simulation infrastructure is the merger of the best aspects of the M5 [4] and GEMS [9] simulators. M5 provides a highly configurable simulation framework, multiple ISAs, and diverse CPU models. GEMS complements these features with a detailed and exible memory system, including support for multiple cache coherence protocols and interconnect models. Currently, gem5 supports most commercial ISAs (ARM, ALPHA, MIPS, Power, SPARC, and x86), including booting Linux on three of them (ARM, ALPHA, and x86).The project is the result of the combined efforts of many academic and industrial institutions, including AMD, ARM, HP, MIPS, Princeton, MIT, and the Universities of Michigan, Texas, and Wisconsin. Over the past ten years, M5 and GEMS have been used in hundreds of publications and have been downloaded tens of thousands of times. The high level of collaboration on the gem5 project, combined with the previous success of the component parts and a liberal BSD-like license, make gem5 a valuable full-system simulation tool.

The gem5 simulator

ing WS1S Systems to Verify Parameterized Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Kai Baukus, Saddek Bensalem, Yassine Lakhnech and Karsten Stahl FMona: A Tool for Expressing Validation Techniques over Infinite State Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 J.-P. Bodeveix and M. Filali Transitive Closures of Regular Relations for Verifying Infinite-State Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Bengt Jonsson and Marcus Nilsson Diagnostic and Test Generation Using Static Analysis to Improve Automatic Test Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Marius Bozga, Jean-Claude Fernandez and Lucian Ghirvu Efficient Diagnostic Generation for Boolean Equation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Radu Mateescu Efficient Model-Checking Compositional State Space Generation with Partial Order Reductions for Asynchronous Communicating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Jean-Pierre Krimm and Laurent Mounier Checking for CFFD-Preorder with Tester Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Juhana Helovuo and Antti Valmari Fair Bisimulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Thomas A. Henzinger and Sriram K. Rajamani Integrating Low Level Symmetries into Reachability Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Karsten Schmidt Model-Checking Tools Model Checking Support for the ASM High-Level Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Giuseppe Del Castillo and Kirsten Winter Table of

Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems. Proc. TACAS 2009

The Wisconsin Multifacet Project has created a simulation toolset to characterize and evaluate the performance of multiprocessor hardware systems commonly used as database and web servers. We leverage an existing full-system functional simulation infrastructure (Simics [14]) as the basis around which to build a set of timing simulator modules for modeling the timing of the memory system and microprocessors. This simulator infrastructure enables us to run architectural experiments using a suite of scaled-down commercial workloads [3]. To enable other researchers to more easily perform such research, we have released these timing simulator modules as the Multifacet General Execution-driven Multiprocessor Simulator (GEMS) Toolset, release 1.0, under GNU GPL [9].

/pdf/multifacet-s-general-execution-driven-multiprocessor-18gajjgh1d.pdf

Multifacet's general execution-driven multiprocessor simulator (GEMS) toolset

Multifacets General Execution-Driven Multiprocessor Simulator (GEMS) Toolset

We consider a fully SAT-based method of unbounded symbolic model checking based on computing Craig interpolants. In benchmark studies using a set of large industrial circuit verification instances, this method is greatly more efficient than BDD-based symbolic model checking, and compares favorably to some recent SAT-based model checking methods on positive instances.

Interpolation and SAT-based model checking

Research on the automatic verification of heap-manipulating programs (HMPs)--programs that manipulate unbounded linked data structures via pointers --has blossomed recently, with many different approaches all showing leaps in performance and expressiveness. A year ago, we proposed a small logic for specifying predicates about HMPs and demonstrated that an inference-rule-based decision procedure could be performance-competitive, and in many cases superior to other methods known at the time. That work, however, was a proof-of-concept, with a logic fragment too small to verify most real programs. In this work, we generalize our previous results to be practically useful: we allow the data in heap nodes to be mutable, we allow more than a single pointer field, and we add new primitives needed to verify cyclic structures. Each of these extensions necessitates new or changed inference rules, with the concomitant changes to the proofs and decision procedure. Yet, our new decision procedure, with the more general logic, actually runs as fast as our previous results. With these generalizations, we can automatically verify many more HMP examples, including three small container functions from the Linux kernel.

An inference-rule-based decision procedure for verification of heap-manipulating programs with mutable data and cyclic data structures

The goal of this work is to design cache coherence protocols with many cores that can be verified with state-of-the-art automated verification methodologies. In particular, we focus on flat (non-hierarchical) coherence protocols, and we use a mostly-automated methodology based on parametric verification (PV). We propose several design guidelines that architects should follow if they want to design protocols that can be parametrically verified. We experimentally evaluate performance, storage overhead, and scalability of a protocol verified with PV compared to a highly optimized protocol that cannot be verified with PV.

/pdf/pvcoherence-designing-flat-coherence-protocols-for-scalable-2xainsf044.pdf

PVCoherence: Designing flat coherence protocols for scalable verification

Well-structured transition systems (WSTS) are a broad and well-studied class of infinite-state systems, for which the problem of verifying the reachability of an upward-closed set of error states is decidable (subject to some technicalities). Recently, Bingham proposed a new algorithm for this problem, but applicable only to the special cases of broadcast protocols and petri nets. The algorithm exploits finite-state symbolic model checking and was shown to outperform the classical WSTS verification algorithm on a contrived example family of petri nets.

In this work, we generalize the earlier results to handle a larger class of WSTS, which we dub nicely sliceable, that includes broadcast protocols, petri nets, context-free grammars, and lossy channel systems. We also add an optimization to the algorithm that accelerates convergence. In addition, we introduce a new reduction that soundly converts the verification of parameterized systems with unbounded conjunctive guards into a verification problem on nicely sliceable WSTS. The reduction is complete if a certain decidable side condition holds. This allows us to access industrially relevant challenge problems from parameterized memory system verification. Our empirical results show that, although our new method performs worse than the classical approach on small petri net examples, it performs substantially better on the larger examples based on real, parameterized protocols (e.g., German's cache coherence protocol, with data paths).

/pdf/empirically-efficient-verification-for-a-class-of-infinite-3tvbd9c6xs.pdf

Empirically efficient verification for a class of infinite-state systems

The goal of this work is to design cache coherence protocols with many cores such that they can be verified with existing verification methodologies. In particular, the authors focus on flat (nonhierarchical) coherence protocols using a mostly automated methodology based on parametric verification. They present design guidelines that, if followed by architects, enable parametric verification of protocols with arbitrary numbers of cores.

PVCoherence: Designing Flat Coherence Protocols for Scalable Verification

Parameterized model checking refers to any method that extends traditional, finite-state model checking to handle systems with an arbitrary number of processes. One popular approach to this problem uses abstraction and so-called guard strengthening. Here a small number of processes remain intact, while the rest are abstracted away. This initially causes counter-examples, but the user can write non-interference lemmas, which eliminate spurious behavior by the abstracted processes. The technique is sound in that if the user writes a lemma that is not invariant, the proof will never succeed. Though the non-interference lemmas are typically much simpler than writing a full inductive invariant, there is still a non-trivial amount of human insight needed to analysis counter-examples and concoct the lemmas. In our work, we show how the process of inferring appropriate non-interference lemmas can be automated. Our approach is based on a very general theory that simply assumes a Galois connection between the concrete and abstract systems. Effectively, we start with the non-interference conjecture false, and iteratively weaken it until it is provable using the Galois connection. This produces the strongest non-interference lemma provable in the Galois connection. Hence, if the approach fails to prove the property, then no human lemma would help, since it is the strongest possible lemma. We instantiate this theory to a class of symmetric parameterized systems, and show how BDDs can be used to perform all involved computations. We also show how BDD-blow up that can arise when concretizing can be mitigated by using a sound over-approximation. We successfully applied the resulting tool to three parameterized verification benchmarks: the GERMAN protocol with data path, the GERMAN2004 protocol, and the FLASH protocol. To our knowledge, this is the first time automatic parameterized model checking has been done on GERMAN2004.

/pdf/automatic-non-interference-lemmas-for-parameterized-model-uhpa1oqkia.pdf

Automatic Non-Interference Lemmas for Parameterized Model Checking

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