Influence of thermal processing conditions in 3D printing on the crystallinity and mechanical properties of PEEK material

A comparative study of the crystallinity of polyetheretherketone by using density, DSC, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy techniques

Poly (ether ether ketone) (PEEK) is a high-performance engineering thermoplastic polymer with potential for use in a variety of metal replacement applications due to its high strength to weight ratio. This combination of properties makes it an ideal material for use in the production of bespoke replacement parts for out-of-earth manufacturing purposes, in particular on the International Space Station (ISS). Additive manufacturing (AM) may be employed for the production of these parts, as it has enabled new fabrication pathways for articles with complex design considerations. However, AM of PEEK via fused filament fabrication (FFF) encounters significant challenges, mostly stemming from the semi crystalline nature of PEEK and its associated high melting temperature. This makes PEEK highly susceptible to changes in processing conditions which leads to a large reported variation in the literature on the final performance of PEEK. This has limited the adaption of FFF printing of PEEK in space applications where quality assurance and reproducibility are paramount. In recent years, several research studies have examined the effect of printing parameters on the performance of the 3D-printed PEEK parts. The aim of the current review is to provide comprehensive information in relation to the process-structure-property relationships in FFF 3D-printing of PEEK to provide a clear baseline to the research community and assesses its potential for space applications, including out-of-earth manufacturing.

Fused Filament Fabrication of PEEK: A Review of Process-Structure-Property Relationships

Optimization of printing parameters for improvement of mechanical and thermal performances of 3D printed poly(ether ether ketone) parts

Poly(etherketoneketone) (PEKK) is a thermoplastic, part of the poly(aryletherketone) (PAEK) family of polymers, with excellent mechanical performance and chemical resistance properties that make it an interesting candidate as a matrix for high-performance composites. Developing a thorough understanding of material properties is paramount in high-performance applications, and in the case of thermoplastics, crystallinity plays an essential role. This review paper covers the crystallisation morphology and structure of PEKK and CF/PEKK composites, crystallisation behaviour and kinetics under isothermal and dynamic conditions, and how these vary across different grades of PEKK with different terephthalic/isophthalic ratios. In the case of CF/PEKK composites, the impact of transcrystallinity development at the fibre-matrix interface, as well as the impact of carbon fibre inclusions on the crystallisation kinetics are discussed. Several crystallisation kinetics and transcrystallinity models available in literature are presented and discussed. The current limitations and future directions of CF/PEKK composites are also considered, covering manufacturing techniques such as autoclaving, automated tape placement, and 3D printing. This article draws comparisons to the better researched and established poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK) whenever relevant, in order to compliment the discussions on PEKK and CF/PEKK wherever literature is sparse.

Crystallinity studies of PEKK and carbon fibre/PEKK composites: A review

Crystallization behavior and morphological characterization of poly(ether ether ketone)

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Crystallization behavior and morphological characterization of poly(ether ether ketone)