Conflict and cooperation along international waterways

1. Introduction 2. Fear, interest and honor 3. The spirit and its expression 4. The ancient world 5. Medieval Europe 6. From Sun King to Revolution 7. Imperialism and World War I 8. World War II 9. Hitler to Bush and beyond 10. General findings and conclusions.

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A Cultural Theory of International Relations

This review examines the state of conflict and cooperation over transboundary water resources from an environmental, political, and human development perspective. Although the potential for outright war between countries over water is low, cooperation is often missing in disputes over transboundary resources. This background chapter will ▪ Provide a brief overview of the nature of conflict and experiences of cooperation over transboundary resources. ▪ Provide a conceptual basis for understanding cooperation and the costs of noncooperation over water. ▪ Indicate the possible triggers for conflict over water sharing and the implications on the livelihoods of ordinary communities. ▪ Offer evidence on the potential costs of noncooperation or even conflict over water resources. ▪ Analyze power asymmetries between riparian states and how they affect the outcomes of negotiations. ▪ Analyze different examples of cases that countries have used to manage the competition for water resources. ▪ Propose general princi...

Shared Waters: Conflict and Cooperation

Three-dimensional (3D) digitization is a key aspect in the preservation and exhibition of museum artifacts. The objective of this article is to investigate contemporary technologies for creating accurate 3D digital models of artifacts from the Maori and Pacific heritage and to establish a generic digitization methodology so that the 3D models can be archived and exhibited both over the internet and within museum displays. This process involves procedures for selecting artifacts that are suitable for laser scanning and then setting up the artifact for scanning. This is followed by the actual scanning and postprocessing stages. To achieve this, the Polhemus FastSCAN laser scanner has been used to collect raw point cloud surface data from artifacts of various sizes, shapes, textures, colors, and materials. The article explains the generic steps developed for postprocessing of raw scan data in the form of a cloud of geometric data points to a completely rendered 3D model with colors mapped on to the model. These generic steps involve removal of background noise, enhancement of texture, filling of holes, merging of separate scans, and color mapping. The results from the scanning and postprocessing of a wahaika, (a Maori club-like weapon) and a Polynesian stone pounder reveal that it is important to use a scanner that is flexible enough to capture all the surface information irrespective of the artifact's geometry, and one with the capability of capturing color information with high accuracy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 19, 244–259, 2009

Contemporary technologies for 3D digitization of Maori and Pacific Island artifacts

How are peoples' ideas about languages, ways of speaking and expressive styles shaped by their social positions and values? How is difference, in language and in social life, made - and unmade? How and why are some differences persuasive as the basis for action, while other differences are ignored or erased? Written by two recognised authorities on language and culture, this book argues that ideological work of all kinds is fundamentally communicative, and that social positions, projects and historical moments influence, and are influenced by, people's ideas about communicative practices. Neither true nor false, ideologies are positioned and partial visions of the world, relying on comparison and perspective; they exploit differences in expressive features - linguistic and otherwise - to construct convincing stereotypes of people, spaces and activities. Using detailed ethnographic, historical and contemporary examples, this outstanding book shows readers how to analyse ideological work semiotically.

Signs of Difference: Language and Ideology in Social Life

Archives of paradise divine vowels, Richard Simon, et al the cycle of the chosen peoples, J.G. Herder the Hebrews and the sublime, Ernest Renan the danger of ambiguity, Friedrich Max Mueller the monotheism of the Aryas, Adolphe Pictet heavenly nuptials, Rudolph Friedrich Grau semites as aryans, Ignaz Goldziher secrets of the forge.

The Languages of Paradise: Race, Religion, and Philology in the Nineteenth Century

The Languages of Paradise: Race, Religion, and Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century

The Curse of Agade

By any measure, the creation and development of writing was a cybernetic advance with far-reaching consequences. It allowed writers to communicate with readers who were distant in time and space, extended the storage capacity of human knowledge, including information that ranged from mundane accounting to sacred narrative, bridged visual and auditory worlds by linking icons with meaningful sound, and offered an enduring means of displaying and manipulating assertions about a wide variety of matters.Broader definitions of writing that embrace purely semantic devices (semasiography, Sampson 1985:29) relate to ancient systems of communication, especially “Mexican pictography” (Boone 2000:29), but depart from the linguistic underpinnings that characterize the writing systems reviewed here. Semasiographic definitions are not very helpful in understanding heavily phonic systems. Their limited applicability to writing systems of the world identifies a typological weakness; even the Mexican examples are inconclusive, since these texts bundle genuine lexical items with supporting graphic devices. An alternative view is that the mixed Mexican pictography contains writing, yet supplements it with effective pictorial clues. From this comes a narrative that is translatable, with some controlled liberties, into language. Equating this distinctive package of features with the preponderantly phonic nature of Egyptian, cuneiform, or Mayan glyphs blurs distinctions. A broad definition of writing does not elucidate these scripts, although it is useful for understanding the relation of texts and accompanying images (Baines 1989; Taube 2000). In part, the first writing attracts attention because it contributes to a teleological narrative of progress (Trigger 1998: 42). The invention of writing is thought, with good justification, to undergird and enable present-day society. In its more developed forms, it is indispensable to bureaucracy, propaganda, and administration.

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Last Writing: Script Obsolescence in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Mesoamerica

COLLABORATION IN THE PUBLICATION OF TEXTS AMONG ASSYRIOLOGISTS IS RARE. S. N. Kramer's solicitation of comments from colleagues and publication of these comments and criticisms alongside his own work are exceptional acts, especially among the senior generation of Assyriologists. One recalls the appendix of Landsberger to Schooldai's, the remarks of Jacobsen at the end of Gilgamesh and Agga, and Jacobsen's lengthy contribution to the monumental dissertation of Kramer's student Edmund Gordon, Sumerian Proverbs. This was preceded by Kramer's own unique experiment with Sumerian proverbs: In 1952, he presented forty-eight proverbs and their translations to the third Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale. Because of the difficulties proverbs present, he had circulated his transliterations in advance among twenty colleagues, soliciting their translations and comments, and his translations reflected the contributions of the eight colleagues who responded. And many of us recall being present at scholarly meetings where Prof. Kramer would present some unusual text he had recently discovered, freely admitting that there was much he didn't understand, and offering to send his copy and transliteration to all interested (and qualified: "only the cuneiformists among you") parties. The present collaboration originated when Cooper and Heimpel discovered that they both had worked on the unpublished Sargon-Urzababa tablet 3N T296. Cooper had learned about it from M. Civil and A. Sjdberg when he was preparing an edition of the Curse of Agade' and he studied it from the casts in the University Museum, discussing it with both Civil and Sjdberg. Heimpel had copied the original during a stay in Baghdad. Civil, who has the publication rights to the tablet, had already completed his own edition of the text, but nevertheless agreed to let Cooper and Heimpel publish the text here, since other commitments have delayed the revision of his manuscript for publication. He kindly made his transliteration, translation and copy available, as well as a lexical note on g6-ne-sag-gd. The present article was hammered out in discussions and correspondence between Cooper and Heimpel, utilizing Civil's material. Where there is irreconcilable disagreement between the two authors, both opinions have been included. In anticipation of Civil's more comprehensive publication, the present study has been kept brief.

The Sumerian Sargon Legend

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Jerrold S. Cooper

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