Nanoparticles (1 to 100 nm) have unique physical and chemical properties, which makes them suitable for application in a vast range of scientific and technological fields. In particular, metal nanoparticle (MNPs) research has been showing promising antimicrobial activities, paving the way for new applications. However, despite some research into their antimicrobial potential, the antimicrobial mechanisms are still not well determined. Nanoparticles’ biosynthesis, using plant extracts or microorganisms, has shown promising results as green alternatives to chemical synthesis; however, the knowledge regarding the mechanisms behind it is neither abundant nor consensual. In this review, findings from studies on the antimicrobial and biosynthesis mechanisms of MNPs were compiled and evidence-based mechanisms proposed. The first revealed the importance of enzymatic disturbance by internalized metal ions, while the second illustrated the role of reducing and negatively charged molecules. Additionally, the main results from recent studies (2018–2022) on the biosynthesis of MNPs using microorganisms were summarized and analyzed, evidencing a prevalence of research on silver nanoparticles synthesized using bacteria aiming toward testing their antimicrobial potential. Finally, a synopsis of studies on MNPs applied to cultural heritage materials showed potential for their future use in preservation.

/pdf/biosynthesis-of-metal-and-metal-oxide-nanoparticles-using-65ipojto.pdf

Biosynthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Microbial Cultures: Mechanisms, Antimicrobial Activity and Applications to Cultural Heritage

In the times of dynamically developing regenerative medicine, more and more attention is focused on the use of natural polymers. This is due to their high biocompatibility and biodegradability without the production of toxic compounds, which means that they do not hurt humans and the natural environment. Chitosan and its derivatives are polymers made most often from the shells of crustaceans and are biodegradable and biocompatible. Some of them have antibacterial or metal-chelating properties. This review article presents the development of biomaterials based on chitosan and its derivatives used in regenerative medicine, such as a dressing or graft of soft tissues or bones. Various examples of preparations based on chitosan and its derivatives in the form of gels, films, and 3D structures and crosslinking products with another polymer are discussed herein. This article summarizes the latest advances in medicine with the use of biomaterials based on chitosan and its derivatives and provides perspectives on future research activities.

/pdf/biomaterials-based-on-chitosan-and-its-derivatives-and-their-2c7ba9xh.pdf

Biomaterials Based on Chitosan and Its Derivatives and Their Potential in Tissue Engineering and Other Biomedical Applications—A Review

Flexible self-healing nanocomposite based gelatin/tannic acid/acrylic acid reinforced with zinc oxide nanoparticles and hollow silver nanoparticles based on porous silica for rapid wound healing.

Due to their antibacterial effect, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are attracting more and more attention for various applications in biomedicine. The production of nanomaterials from organometallic precursors requires the use of a capping agent that acts as a stabilizer and provides colloidal stability while preventing agglomeration and excessive growth. In this research, we studied the optical properties and antibacterial activity of AgNPs loaded in a blend of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and chitosan, which were used as capping agents to control the shape and size of the nanoparticles and to impart stability to the synthesized Ag nanomaterials. Characterization studies showed that the blend provides a uniform and controlled distribution of AgNPs inside the polymeric matrix without the addition of any more stabilizers. The mean particle size for green and laser-ablated AgNPs was found to be ~ 50 nm according to transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) studies showed the presence of characteristic main peaks corresponding to the vibrational groups which characterize the prepared samples. The interactions between the AgNPs and the blend were marked by changes in the intensity of vibrational peaks and spectral positions. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the crystallographic modification within the PVP/PVA/chitosan matrix because of AgNPs filling. The change in the absorbance has been studied with the help of measured ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis.) and therefore the optical band gap was calculated. The filling of AgNPs in the blend shows a broad peak at 427 nm because of the phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and its intensity increases with increasing filler concentration. The blend and the Ag nanocomposite showed remarkable antibacterial activity and caused a significant decrease in microbial growth (Escherichia coli) in 24 h. These outcomes demonstrate the suitability and promise of the nanocomposites for various applications, including biomedical labels, sensors, and detectors. 

/pdf/a-comparison-of-silver-nanoparticles-made-by-green-chemistry-2ryjw9t8.pdf

A comparison of silver nanoparticles made by green chemistry and femtosecond laser ablation and injected into a PVP/PVA/chitosan polymer blend

Millions of people worldwide are suffering and struggling to obtain the most effective wound care/treatment. In previous years, a steep rise in metabolic disorders such as diabetic wound ulcers has been noticed. The primary function of an effective wound dressing is to protect the wound bed from contamination and provide an accelerated healing environment. Biopolymers, a natural boon, can be used for distinct applications from food packaging, biomedicine, and biomedical applications. Natural and synthetic biopolymers have distinct advantages, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and environmental friendliness. Cellulose, chitosan, alginates, hyaluronic acid, collagen, etc., are natural biopolymers primarily used to develop wound dressings. Most common synthetic biopolymers such as PVA, PCL, and PLA are examples of how an individual biopolymer or its blends can be used to develop an effective wound dressing. Biopolymer properties for wound dressing applications can be improved by applying the concepts of nanotechnology, bioengineering, and drug delivery. These improvements may help meet the current and future wound care demands for tissue repair and restoration. The current review focuses on using natural and synthetic functionalized biopolymers for effective wound-dressing applications and exhibiting their antibacterial and antimicrobial properties. 

A sustainable and green approach towards the utilization of biopolymers for effective wound dressing applications: A detailed review

http://www.cell.com/article/S2405844022015468/pdf

Chitosan/carboxymethyl cellulose wound dressings supplemented with biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles from the ligninolytic fungus Anamorphous Bjerkandera sp. R1

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Chitosan/carboxymethyl cellulose wound dressings supplemented with biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles from the ligninolytic fungus Anamorphous Bjerkandera sp. R1