The Finnish Meteorological Institute and Vaisala have established a mesoscale weather observational network in southern Finland. The Helsinki Testbed is an open research and quasi-operational program designed to provide new information on observing systems and strategies, mesoscale weather phenomena, urban and regional modeling, and end-user applications in a high-latitude (~60°N) coastal environment. The Helsinki Testbed and related programs feature several components: observing system design and implementation, small-scale data assimilation, nowcasting and short-range numerical weather prediction, public service, and commercial development of applications. Specifically, the observing instrumentation focuses on meteorological observations of meso-gamma-scale phenomena that are often too small to be detected adequately by traditional observing networks. In particular, more than 40 telecommunication masts (40 that are 120 m high and one that is 300 m high) are instrumented at multiple heights. Oth...

/pdf/the-helsinki-testbed-a-mesoscale-measurement-research-and-4peq3desri.pdf

The Helsinki Testbed: A Mesoscale Measurement, Research, and Service Platform

*† ‡ The portable Precision Airdrop System (PADS) supports ground and in -flight high altitude airdrop mission planning for ballistic and autonomously guided system payloads. Precision Airdrop Planning System (PAPS) and Wind -profile Precision Aerial Deliv ery System (WindPADS) software components have been integrated and hosted on a pressure ruggedized laptop computer and are initialized and executed through a Graphical User Interface (GUI). In -flight, the PADS laptop computer is connected to a portable UH F radio receiver that is connected to one of the airdrop aircraft's bottom UHF antennae to receive real -time in -situ wind data from GPS dropsondes hand -lau nched from the airdrop aircraft. Successful initial operational PADS tests have been completed for hi gh -altitude delivery of ballistic payloads from U.S. Air Force airdrop aircraft and demonstrated significant improvement in airdrop accuracy . The integrated 802.11g wireless interface on the commercially -av ailable PADS Laptop C omputer is being developed t o communicate a Mission File to the Airborne Guidance Units (AGU) of guided systems while in the aircraft's cargo bay. Initial testing and demonstration of PADS with guided system payloads, using an earlier FreeWave wireless interface, was su ccessful. P ADS is being used to support the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) Joint PADS (JPADS) Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD) program for guided systems as the JPADS Mission Planner (JPADS -MP). PADS is also being deployed to support U.S. DOD high -altitude airdrop operations.

Precision Airdrop System

This paper presents an objective and subjective verification of a high-resolution configuration of the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) over east-central Florida during the 1999 and 2000 summer months. Centered on the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS), the innermost nested grid of RAMS has a horizontal grid spacing of 1.25 km, thereby providing forecasts capable of modeling finescale phenomena such as ocean and river breezes, and convection. The RAMS is run operationally at CCAFS within the Eastern Range Dispersion Assessment System (ERDAS), in order to provide emergency response guidance during space operations. ERDAS uses RAMS wind and temperature fields for input into ERDAS diffusion algorithms; therefore, the accuracy of dispersion predictions is highly dependent on the accuracy of RAMS forecasts. The most substantial error in RAMS over east-central Florida is a surface-based cold temperature bias, primarily during the daylight hours. At the Shuttle Landing Facility, the RAMS point error statistics are not substantially different than the National Centers for Environment Prediction Eta Model; however, an objective evaluation consisting of only point error statistics cannot adequately determine the added value of a high-resolution model configuration. Thus, results from a subjective evaluation of the RAMS forecast sea breeze and thunderstorm initiation on the 1.25-km grid are also presented. According to the subjective verification of the Florida east coast sea breeze, the RAMS categorical and skill scores exceeded that of the Eta Model predictions in most instances. The RAMS skill scores in predicting thunderstorm initiation are much lower than the sea-breeze evaluation scores, likely resulting from the lack of a sophisticated data assimilation scheme in the current operational configuration.

Verification of High-Resolution RAMS Forecasts over East-Central Florida during the 1999 and 2000 Summer Months

The National Weather Service (NWS) developed the Olympic Weather Support System (OWSS) to provide specialized operational weather support for the 1996 Centennial Olympic Games in Atlanta. Operational implementation of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Forecast Systems Laboratory’s Local Analysis and Prediction System (LAPS) was a key element of the OWSS. LAPS is a complete, three-dimensional data assimilation system that produced subhourly atmospheric analyses on an 8-km grid covering all the Olympic venues. The LAPS analyses also provided initial conditions to the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) mesoscale forecast model. RAMS forecasts were generated at least every 3 h using 8- or 2-km grids. For the first time, a comprehensive operational analysis and forecast system operated in a local NWS forecast office to support meso-β-scale forecasts and warnings. Numerous benefits of LAPS–RAMS to the local forecast office were demonstrated. The OWSS, with LAPS–RAMS included,...

https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0434%281998%29013%3C0138%3ALDMAAF%3E2.0.CO%3B2

Local-Domain Mesoscale Analysis and Forecast Model Support for the 1996 Centennial Olympic Games

A precipitation simulation associated with Typhoon Sinlaku using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University – National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) initialized diabatically with the Local Analysis and Prediction System (LAPS) is evaluated over the Taiwan area. Two purposes of this paper are to test the performance of the LAPS diabatic data assimilation technique and investigate the impact of the Doppler radar data on the short-range quantitative precipitation forecasts for the typhoon. Typhoon Sinlaku was selected because Doppler radar is one of the most important data sources for an accurate analysis of typhoons and Sinlaku was located close to the Wu-Fen-Shan (WSR-88D) Doppler radar station at north tip of Taiwan during part of its lifetime on 6-7 September 2002. The observed rainfall distribution associated with Sinlaku was closely related to the topography in northern Taiwan. Simulation results show that the MM5 initialized diabatically with LAPS has higher skill for precipitation simulation than the non-LAPS cold start experiment, especially for the higher thresholds in the early portion of model integration (?10 mm in 0-6 h). The assimilation of the Wu-Fen-Shan Doppler radar data played a key role in the improvement of precipitation simulation owing to improvement in the presentation of typhoon hydrometeorological features, such as clouds and the outer rainband, in the model initial conditions. The presence of these initial hydrometeor species had a beneficial impact on reduced precipitation spin-up time. The use of Doppler radar data also can enhance the forecast definition of typhoon structure and rainband simulations. However, these radar data only play a minor role on the typhoon track simulations. However, these radar data only play a minor role on the typhoon track simulation in this case study. Overall, the mesoscale model initialized diabatically with LAPS data assimilation shows improved capability on the typhoon short-range quantitative precipitation forecasts, especially when the Doppler radar data is included.

/pdf/precipitation-simulation-associated-with-typhoon-sinlaku-ty3inhqj18.pdf

Precipitation Simulation Associated with Typhoon Sinlaku (2002) in Taiwan Area Using the LAPS Diabatic Initialization for MM5

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Forecast Systems Laboratory (FSL) has configured an operational local-domain analysis and forecast system designed to function in the local weather office on an inexpensive computer workstation. The real-time system utilizes the 10-km grid increment analyses from the Local Analysis and Prediction System (LAPS) to initialize the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) mesoscale forecast model. A unique aspect of the LAPS/RAMS operational system is the initialization of the high-resolution model with comparable high-resolution analyses. The aim of the LAPS/RAMS real-time system is to provide local-scale guidance to the local weather office in addition to guidance that is currently available from coarser resolution, large-domain operational products. The operational system configuration and the utilization of three-dimensional visualization to display system output is discussed. All components of the LAPS/RAMS system are designed to run efficiently on a computer workstation affordable to individual weather forecast offices. Model validation results suggest that the LAPS/RAMS system is capable of resolving meso-β-scale, often terrain-forced, flow patterns. The three-dimensional visualization of the model output allows the operational forecaster to rapidly peruse the enormous amounts of data and aids the meteorologist's ability to comprehend and conceptualize mesoscale weather events. Potential improvements to the system are being implemented as computer workstation capabilities increase, which should lead to valuable forecast guidance of meso-γ-scale weather phenomena. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1995.00125.x

LAPS/RAMS. A nonhydrostatic mesoscale numerical modeling system configured for operational use

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LAPS/RAMS. A nonhydrostatic mesoscale numerical modeling system configured for operational use