Such diverse thinkers as Lao-Tze, Confucius, and U.S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld have all pointed out that we need to be able to tell the difference between real and assumed knowledge. The systematic review is a scientific tool that can help with this difficult task. It can help, for example, with appraising, summarising, and communicating the results and implications of otherwise unmanageable quantities of data. This is important because quite often there are so many studies, and their results are often so conflicting, that no policymaker or practitioner could possibly carry out this task themselves.Systematic review methods have been widely used in health care, and are becoming increasingly common in the social sciences (fostered, for example, by the work of the Campbell Collaboration). 

This book outlines the rationale and methods of systematic reviews, giving worked examples from social science and other fields. It requires no previous knowledge, but takes the reader through the process stage by stage. It draws on examples from such diverse fields as psychology, criminology, education, transport, social welfare, public health, and housing and urban policy, among others.The book includes detailed sections on assessing the quality of both quantitative, and qualitative research; searching for evidence in the social sciences;meta-analytic and other methods of evidence synthesis; publication bias; heterogeneity; and approaches to dissemination.

Systematic Reviews in the Social Sciences: A Practical Guide

The measurement and appraisal of adult intelligence, 4th ed.

The intent of the present paper is to provide a manual for the Memoryfor-Designs Test (MFD), which ;he authors first described in 1946 and 1948 (Graham & Kendall, 1946a; Kendall & Graham, 1948). These early articles reported data on standardization and validity of the test. Detailed instructions for administration and scoring were also made available privately (Graham & KendaU, 1946b). Because the test has continued to be used as a clinical and research tool, it appears desirable to consolidate the material previously published and to make available the results of additional experience with it.' The MFD involves the presentation of simple geometric designs and the reproduction of these designs from immediate memory. At the time of the original work with the MFD, it had long been thought that inability to perform such a task was associated with \"organic\" impairment (Foster, 1920). There was, however, no adequate test of this assumption. The MFD was developed to provide an instrument of sufficient reliability to use in research

Memory-for-Designs Test: Revised General Manual

Nonspecific complaints such as fatigue, partial amnesia, loss of appetite, etc., have been reported by house painters and could be effects of occupational exposure to solvents. A random sample of union-affiliated house painters was compared for a number of parameters and psychological test results with a group of industrial workers having a corresponding age distribution. The groups proved to be on par in relevant background variables. A simple health cheok did not reveal ,any correlates to the subjective complaints, except for a somewhat lower hemoglobin concentration among the house painters. However, the painter group had significantly lower mean scores on psychological tests measuring intellectual capacity and psychomotor coordination than the reference group of
industrial workers. The painter group also had significantly lower performances than expected on the memory test and the reaction time test. A discriminant analysis of indicators of change as derived from psychological tests, was carried out, and a point biserial correlation of 0.35 was obtained between the discriminant function and the dichotomous exposure variable defined by group affinity. Furthermore a study based on clinical patients, i.e., another body of data, indicated reasonable diagnostic validity for this discriminant function. Although no correlations were found within the painter group between exposure ("painter years") and the indicators of function change, rthe results indicate an effect of the work environment on health.

Psychological function changes among house painters.

A general critical appraisal tool: An evaluation of construct validity

Psychological consequences of brain lesions and ablations.

articles are the ways articles are written, which reflect very much the historical and cultural atmospheres of the countries from which they come. This I was particularly struck with this summer in my contacts with psycho-analysts from Switzerland, Holland and England, as well as having been informed of what obtained in France, Germany and Austria. &dquo;I do not know what value these random thoughts may have for you, but put together with letters from a number of others may bring to your attention something of value for improvement of the Journal.&dquo; REFERENCES 1. Bell, G. Macdonald. "A Mental Hospital With Open Doors." Internat. J. Soc. Psychiat. Vol. I., No. 1, 1955. 2. Bierer, Joshua. "Psychotherapy in Mental Hospital Practice." J. Ment. Sci. 86, 928, 1940. 3. Bierer, Joshua. "The Day Hospital." H. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd., 1951. 4. Bierer, Joshua (Edited by). "Therapeutic Social Clubs." H. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd. 5. Milton Greenblatt, Richard H. Yorke & Esther Lucile Drown. "From Custodial to Therapeutic Patient Care in Mental Hospitals." Russel Sage Foundation, U.S.A. 6. Rees, T.P., and Glatt. "Organisation of the Mental Hospital and the Basis of Group Participation." International Journal of Brit. Psychotherapy, April 5th, 1955. No. 2. 7. "Roffey Park Rehabilitation Centre." The Lancet, Nov. 10th, 1945, P.607. 8. Querido, A. "Social Psychiatry and the Legal Issue." Internat. J. Soc. Psychiatry. Vol. I, No. 2, Autumn, 1955.

Ethnic Differences in Behavior and Psychopathology: Italian and Irish

E VERY dentist has wondered on occasion why some patients are difficult to treat even when the procedure makes only a small demand on their cooperation while other patients are cooperative even under procedures that are quite taxing. There are, of course, many external factors that influence the immediate response, but over a period of observations, he must speculate as to whether there are not some basic factors that might determine the patient's level of cooperation during treatment. This disparity in cooperation might be more pronounced in the psychiatric patient and presents a challenging problem in accomplishing treatment. Some factors that could influence basic cooperation might be personality determinants, early influences, such as attitude of patient's parents toward dental treatment, and the patient's own experiences, particularly the initial or childhood episodes of treatment. Since, at this hospital, we had the services of psychologists, and since the patients were hospitalized long enough to carry out the extensive testing, it was decided that our original inquiry might best center upon the question of the effect of personality factors. It was expected that such factors would be influential, but not necessarily decisive, in this problem of cooperation, since the picture was probably the result of other influences indicated previously as well as the personality components under investigation. The factor selected for the center of the psychological investigation could be designated as the oral aggressivity-passivity element. This area was selected because of the oral zone's primary importance in the individual's personality formation. Certainly, anyone observing a small child is aware of the primary importance of the mouth. The child experiences satisfaction through this zone by nourishment and affection. These are receptive or passive oral responses. In addition to this, through the mouth, the child expresses himself and tries to influence his world by crying, by perhaps refusing to eat, and later, when he has teeth, he finds he is able actually to inflict pain by biting. These are orally aggressive responses. With teething a primary problem, frustration may be precipitated since the child wants to eat (pleasure) but finds that he is prevented from doing so because of the soreness of his mouth (pain). These are factual observations that have been taken by various schools of psychology and developed with different theoretical interpretations. The

Relationship Between Personality Factors and Cooperation in Dental Treatment

The Behn-Rorschach Inkblots: a preliminary comparison with the original Rorschach series.

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Psychological consequences of brain lesions and ablations.

Ethnic Differences in Behavior and Psychopathology: Italian and Irish

Relationship Between Personality Factors and Cooperation in Dental Treatment

The Behn-Rorschach Inkblots: a preliminary comparison with the original Rorschach series.