High resolution XPS of organic polymers The Scienta ESCA300 Database

Fogging occurs when moisture condensation takes the form of accumulated droplets with diameters larger than 190 nm or half of the shortest wavelength (380 nm) of visible light. This problem may be effectively addressed by changing the affinity of a material’s surface for water, which can be accomplished via two approaches: i) the superhydrophilic approach, with a water contact angle (CA) less than 5°, and ii) the superhydrophobic approach, with a water CA greater than 150°, and extremely low CA hysteresis. To date, all techniques reported belong to the former category, as they are intended for applications in optical transparent coatings. A well-known example is the use of photocatalytic TiO2 nanoparticle coatings that become superhydrophilic under UV irradiation. Very recently, a capillary effect was skillfully adopted to achieve superhydrophilic properties by constructing 3D nanoporous structures from layer-by-layer assembled nanoparticles. The key to these two “wet”-style antifogging strategies is for micrometer-sized fog drops to rapidly spread into a uniform thin film, which can prevent light scattering and reflection from nucleated droplets. Optical transparency is not an intrinsic property of antifogging coatings even though recently developed antifogging coatings are almost transparent, and the transparency could be achieved by further tuning the nanoparticle size and film thickness. To our knowledge, the antifogging coatings may also be applied to many fields that do not require optical transparency, including, for example, paints for inhibiting swelling and peeling issues and metal surfaces for preventing corrosion. These types of issues, which are caused by adsorption of moisture, are hard to solve by the superhydrophilic approach because of its inherently “wet” nature. Thus, a “dry”-style antifogging strategy, which consists of a novel superhydrophobic technique that can prevent moisture or microscale fog drops from nucleating on a surface, is desired. Recent bionic researches have revealed that the self-cleaning ability of lotus leaves and the striking ability of a water-strider’s legs to walk on water can be attributed to the ideal superhydrophobicity of their surfaces, induced by special microand nanostructures. To date, the biomimetic fabrication of superhydrophobic microand/or nanostructures has attracted considerable interest, and these types of materials can be used for such applications as self-cleaning coatings and stain-resistant textiles. Although a superhydrophobic technique inspired by lotus leaves is expected to be able to solve such fogging problems because the water droplets can not remain on the surface, there are no reports of such antifogging coatings. Very recently, researchers from General Motors have reported that the surfaces of lotus leaves become wet with moisture because the size of the fog drops are at the microscale—so small that they can be easily trapped in the interspaces among micropapillae. Thus, lotuslike surface microstructures are unsuitable for superhydrophobic antifogging coatings, and a new inspiration from nature is desired for solving this problem. In this communication, we report a novel, biological, superhydrophobic antifogging strategy. It was found that the compound eyes of the mosquito C. pipiens possess ideal superhydrophobic properties that provide an effective protective mechanism for maintaining clear vision in a humid habitat. Our research indicates that this unique property is attributed to the smart design of elaborate microand nanostructures: hexagonally non-close-packed (ncp) nipples at the nanoscale prevent microscale fog drops from condensing on the ommatidia surface, and hexagonally close-packed (hcp) ommatidia at the microscale could efficiently prevent fog drops from being trapped in the voids between the ommatidia. We also fabricated artificial compound eyes by using soft lithography and investigated the effects of microand nanostructures on the surface hydrophobicity. These findings could be used to develop novel superhydrophobic antifogging coatings in the near future. It is known that mosquitoes possess excellent vision, which they exploit to locate various resources such as mates, hosts, and resting sites in a watery and dim habitat. To better understand such remarkable abilities, we first investigated the interaction between moisture and the eye surface. An ultrasonic humidifier was used to regulate the relative humidity of the atmosphere and mimic a mist composed of numerous tiny water droplets with diameters less than 10 lm. As the fog was C O M M U N IC A IO N

The dry-style antifogging properties of mosquito compound eyes and artificial analogues prepared by soft lithography: a superhydrophobic state with high adhesive force

Hierarchical dendritic gold microstrutures (HDGMs) with secondary and tertiary branches are directlyelectrodeposited on an indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate without the use of any templates, surfactants, orstabilizers. The effects of electrodeposition potential and HAuCl4 concentration on the formation of HDGMsand time-dependent morphological evolution are investigated in detail. A diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA)mechanism is used to explain the formation of HDGMs. Typically, the as-synthesized HDGMs exhibitedmuch higher electrocatalytic activity and enhanced stability toward ethanol electrooxidation compared tobulk gold electrode and also display great Raman enhancement activity with the detection limit of 10 12Mfor rhodamine 6G. The surface of HDGMs possesses hydrophobicity even without modiﬁcation with low-surface-energy coatings and has a remarkable superhydrophobic property even in corrosive solutions over awide pH range after the treatment with n-dodecanethiol. In addition, (super)oleophobicity is successfullyobtained by modiﬁcation with 1H,1H,2H,2H-perﬂuorodecanethiol.

Template-Free and Direct Electrochemical Deposition of Hierarchical Dendritic Gold Microstructures: Growth and Their Multiple Applications

Electron and ion energy distribution functions and other plasma parameters such as plasma potential (V(sub p)) , electron temperature (T(sub e)), and electron and ion number densities (n (sub e) and n(sub i)) in low pressure CF4 plasmas have been measured. The experiments were conducted in a GEC cell using an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) device powered by a 13.56 MHz radio-frequency (rf) power source. The measurements were made at 300 W of input rf power at 10, 30 and 50 mTorr gas pressures. Langmuir probe measurements suggest that n(sub e), n(sub i) and V(sub p) remain constant over 60% of the central electrode area, beyond which they decrease. Within the limits of experimental error (+/- 0.25 eV), T(sub e) remains nearly constant over the electrode area. T(sub e) and V(sub p) increase with a decrease in pressure. n(sub e) and n(sub i) are not affected as significantly as T(sub e) or V(sub p) by variation in the gas pressure. The electron energy distribution function (EEDF) measurements indicate a highly non-Maxwellian plasma. CF3+ is the most dominant ion product of the plasma, followed by CF2+ and CF+. The concentrations of CF2+ and CF+ are much larger than that is possible from direct electron impact ionization of the parent gas. The cross-section data suggest that the direct electron impact ionization of fragment neutrals and negative ion production by electron attachment may be responsible for increase of the minor ions.

Langmuir Probe and Mass Spectroscopic Measurements in Inductively Coupled CF4 Plasmas

La microscopie a force atomique a connu un developpement rapide. La technologie de cette sonde locale, basee sur la mesure des forces entre un fin stylet et la surface etudiee, permet d’imager des surfaces avec une resolution, transversale et verticale, de l’ordre du nanometre. Sa facilite de mise en œuvre permet meme des controles sur des lignes de production. Cet article commence par decrire l’instrumentation et les differents modes de fonctionnement de l’AFM. Ensuite, il conduit une breve exploration des applications de la microscopie a force atomique.

Microscopie à force atomique (AFM)

Les nanotechnologies representent un potentiel de developpements et d’applications considerables dans le domaine des materiaux ouvrant la voie a d’innombrables developpements pour l’energie, le transport, la sante, l’industrie, etc. Le biomimetisme a ainsi trouve un nouveau moteur d'etude et de developpement. La feuille de lotus est capable de faire perler l’eau avec une efficacite remarquable transformant n’importe quelle goutte d’eau en une bille repondant aux lois de la physique des solides. Cette propriete extraordinaire est due a l’association d’une composition chimique intrinsequement hydrophobe avec une texturation hierarchique de sa surface.Cette these s’interesse a la comprehension des principes physiques qui regissent l'interaction des gouttes d'eau avec les surfaces de films polymeres structurees de FEP, PMMA et PET. Deux technologies ont ete mises en oeuvre pour la fabrication de surfaces superhydrophobes hierarchiques : la nanoimpression (NIL) thermique et la gravure plasma. Nous avons mesure les angles de contact et hysteresis de ces surfaces structurees afin d’identifier leur etat de mouillage de Wenzel ou de Cassie-Baxter. Nous avons attache une importance particuliere au developpement de solutions de fabrication et de caracterisations sur de grandes surfaces.Les proprietes antigivre ont ete caracterisees, ainsi le role de la condensation dans la propagation du givre a ete correle a la structuration de surface. De plus, nous avons mis en evidence le role du potentiel electrostatique de surface sur les retards de gel. Enfin, au vue du potentiel applicatif de ces surfaces, nous avons ajoute une dimension dynamique a l’etude en considerant les vitesses d’impact des gouttes. Un modele de prediction de la litterature a ete compare avec succes aux resultats experimentaux.

Développement de procédés de nanostructuration sur films de polymères flexibles

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Développement de procédés de nanostructuration sur films de polymères flexibles