Melanoma is a devastating disease frequently encountered within both veterinary and human medicine. Molecular changes linked with neoplastic transformation of melanocytes include mutations in genes that encode proteins intrinsic to the regulatory pathways of two tumor suppressor proteins (retinoblastoma protein and p53), proto-oncogene mutation to oncogenes, altered expression of epithelial cadherin and CD44 adhesion molecules, and upregulation of angiogenic factors and other growth factors. Histologic evaluation of the primary mass is the most common means of diagnosis, with cytology used more frequently to document metastasis. Melanoma's highly variable histologic and cytologic patterns can make diagnosis by either method problematic. Adherent epithelioid morphology, including signet ring forms, and nonadherent round and spindle forms are recognized, with pigmentation an inconsistent finding. The site of the tumor, the thickness of the primary tumor or depth of invasion, and the number of mitotic figures per high-power field or per millimeter are used histologically to predict biologic behavior, whereas site and degree of pleomorphism are typically used for cytologic preparations. Diagnosis of amelanotic melanoma can be aided by ancillary diagnostic techniques. Tumor cells are usually positive for vimentin, S100, neuron-specific enolase, and Melan-A, and negative for cytokeratin. Melan-A as a positive marker is not as sensitive as the others are but is likely more specific. Monoclonal antibodies to human melanosome-specific antigens 1 and 5 cross-react with canine antigens for a combined sensitivity rate of 83%. Mouse monoclonal antibody IBF9 specifically recognizes canine melanoma antigen and also has good sensitivity. Serologic markers, including cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and melanoma-inhibitory activity, are being investigated as potential sentinels of melanoma. Currently, there is no single diagnostic technique capable of differentiating benign from malignant melanocytic neoplasms or predicting survival time.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1354/vp.39-6-651

A Comparative Review of Melanocytic Neoplasms

Burn scar neoplasms: A literature review and statistical analysis

Oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types such as HPV 16 are known to play a crucial role in the development of anogenital carcinomas. The etiology of anogenital malignant melanoma is unknown. We report two case of vulvar malignant melanoma in which multiple HPV types including HPV 16 and putative novel HPV types (alb-1, alb-2, alb-7, and alb-10) were identified by degenerated nested polymerase chain techniques (polymerase chain reaction) in both the malignant melanoma and surrounding skin. One melanoma was associated with lichen sclerosus, and the other, with melanoma in situ and pigmented vulvar squamous papillomatosis. These melanomas harbored HPV types alb-7, and HPV 16 as well as alb-1, respectively. HPV types 16, 20, 21, 36, alb-2, and AJ001060 were detected in vulvar skin affected by lichen sclerosus. Vulvar squamous papillomatosis harbored HPV types 28 and alb-10. HPV 16 was physically integrated into the host genome in lichen sclerosus skin and possibly in the melanoma associated with pigmented vulvar squamous papillomatosis. Twenty-two percent (4 of 18) of normal control specimens from skin tumor excisions were found to harbor HPV DNA (HPV types 3, 54, and alb-7); none of these control samples harbored multiple HPV DNA. These findings of multiple HPV DNA and integrated HPV 16 in skin associated with vulvar malignant melanoma indicate that HPV may play a role in the development of vulvar malignant melanoma. The role of HPV could be either direct through infection of melanocytes or indirect as a cofactor with free radicals in chronic fibroinflammatory vulvar disorders such as lichen sclerosus.

Vulvar malignant melanoma associated with human papillomavirus DNA: report of two cases and review of literature.

Background Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic cutaneous fungal infection where the presence of fibrous scars and continuous inflammation might be the propitious condition for the development of malignant neoplasms.



Methods  We report a case of cutaneous melanoma arising on a leg of a man that had been affected by extensive chromoblastomycosis for more than 30 years.



Results  A 70-year-old white man presented with an irregularly pigmented lesion over an area of fibrosis and verrucous lesions, previously diagnosed as chromoblastomycosis, on his left ankle. Histological examination showed an acral lentiginous melanoma, Clark level IV, thickness of 2.3 mm. Follow-up for 7 years showed no signs of recurrence or metastasis.



Conclusions  The association between malignancy and chromoblastomycosis is very uncommon, but medical staff who deal with this disease should be attentive to this possibility, as early detection of these neoplasms will provide an adequate treatment, improving survival and quality of life for those patients.

Melanoma in a long-standing lesion of chromoblastomycosis.

Melanoma arising in a burn scar is extremely uncommon. We report two recent cases, including one patient in whom six distinct primary melanomas arose in the setting of an extensive truncal burn scar. Only 27 patients have been reported previously, and only three previous cases of multiple primary melanomas arising in a burn scar have been described.

Cutaneous melanoma arising in a burn scar: two recent cases and a review of the literature.

Melanoma Arising in Burn Scars: Report of 3 Observations and a Literature Review

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Melanoma Arising in Burn Scars: Report of 3 Observations and a Literature Review