This paper presents a survey on the state-of-the-art of timber-concrete composite research in the past and recent years. The most important literature references were carefully selected and reviewed to provide an overview and some depth in the development of this construction technique. After highlighting the advantages of the composite system, the standards and design methods currently available are presented. An extensive description of the connection systems developed around the world is also provided. The experimental and numerical investigations performed on connections and beams in both the short- and long-term (at collapse and under sustained load, respectively) are discussed at length in the paper. Other aspects covered are prefabrication, the influence of concrete properties, fatigue tests, fire resistance, vibrations, and acoustics.

State of the Art on Timber-Concrete Composite Structures: Literature Review

The timber-concrete composite (TCC) beam is a construction technique that can be used for upgrading of existing timber floors without the need of demolition. This possibility has been investigated through full-scale tests on a 6-storey experimental building with light-frame timber walls and platform construction, where the existing timber floor for domestic use was upgraded for reuse as an office building. The acoustic flooring was replaced with a 60 mm lightweight concrete slab, connected to the existing joists with inclined shear connectors (SFS screws) to form the TCC floor. The floor and environmental conditions were monitored during the concrete pouring and hardening, and during the application of the live load. Two different types of construction, propped and unpropped, were compared, and an extensive experimental investigation was performed on material components (lightweight concrete, timber, and connection system) with the aim to fully characterise the behaviour under short- and long-term loading. The unpropped floor was then tested to failure under monotonic loading, and two different boundary conditions, namely the actual joist-to-wall joint and a perfectly pinned support, were investigated. An advanced FE model was validated on the test results and used to predict the deflection in the long-term. The composite floor achieved the target stiffness and the design load for satisfying ultimate and serviceability limit states for office loading in the UK. The actual joist-to-wall restraint was characterized by a low degree of fixity, however it produced early longitudinal crack formation in the proximity of the support. The final collapse of the floor as a whole occurred progressively under increasing load after failure for fracture in tension of an individual joist. The higher drying shrinkage of lightweight concrete raised the deflection during concrete curing and hardening.

Experimental behaviour of a full-scale timber-concrete composite floor with mechanical connectors

Structural behavior of prefabricated bamboo-lightweight concrete composite beams with perforated steel plate connectors

Presented in this paper is a formulation for an efficient frame finite element (FE) model for the non-linear analysis of timber–concrete and timber–timber composite structures. The element formulation is based on force interpolation concept and takes advantage of discrete non-linear springs to model the shear deformability between layers. The material non-linearity is taken into account, where the geometrical non-linearities are ignored. The developed formulation and analytical tool are employed to predict the ultimate loading capacity and load–deflection response of some experimental tests taken from the literature. The comparison between experimental results and numerical simulation shows the accuracy of the proposed model.

A force-based frame finite element formulation for analysis of two- and three-layered composite beams with material non-linearity

Structural efficiency of full-scale timber–concrete composite beams strengthened with fiberglass reinforced polymer

A finite-element model (FEM) is developed to predict the load-displacement behavior of a composite wood-concrete floor/deck system under short-term loading. The interlayer connection was modeled with link elements dedicated for connection modeling. Results of past tests of two full-scale layered floor/deck specimens are employed to confirm the FEM model. The specimen had a layer of solid sawn lumber overlaid by concrete and interconnected to it with a pattern of notched shear key/anchor details. The FEM results agreed closely with the measured deflection data for the loadings considered. The efficiency of composite behavior achieved by each of those specimens is quantified by a conventional and three improved approaches based on the computer modeling and measured test results. The new approaches better capture the overall efficiency of the entire floor/deck.

Finite-Element Modeling of Short-Term Field Response of Composite Wood-Concrete Floors/Decks

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Finite-Element Modeling of Short-Term Field Response of Composite Wood-Concrete Floors/Decks