Aim
This study aimed to investigate the effects of a peer education on cardiac self-efficacy (CSE) and readmission of the patients undergoing bypass surgery.

Background
Self-efficacy is an antecedent vital factor in both initiating and maintaining healthy behaviours. It significantly improves after effects of heart attacks, anxiety and diminishes the possibility of readmission.

Design
This study is a randomized-controlled trial.

Method
Sixty patients undergoing bypass surgery were chosen and assigned equally into the control and intervention groups. While routine education was presented to the patients in the control group, intervention group were taught using the peer education in two sessions. CSE of all the selected patients was assessed orderly in 5 days, 4 weeks and 8 months after surgery. Moreover, their readmission was investigated after 8 months from surgery. Data was collected using demographic and the CSE scale. Data were also analysed by using χ2, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and repeated measures analysis of variance tests.

Results
The mean score of CSE in the intervention group was significantly different from the corresponding number in the control group in all three stages of data collecting (p < 0·001). Compared to the control group, a smaller number of the patients in the intervention group were readmitted to the hospitals after 8 months (p = 0·011).

Conclusions
Implementation of peer education has positive effects on CSE in patients who have bypass surgery and reduces their hospital readmission. It can be beneficial to apply this method as an educative-supportive approach in cardiac surgery fields.

Relevance to clinical practice
Implementation of peer education has positive effects on CSE in these patients and reduces their hospital readmission.

Effects of a peer education on cardiac self-efficacy and readmissions in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a randomized-controlled trial

Background 
Self-management is the cornerstone of diabetes care, however, despite the numerous recommendations available for self-management, type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients’ performance is suboptimal in China. This study aimed to explore the association between self-efficacy and self-management behaviors among Chinese T2DM patients, which might provide evidence to inform effective self-management interventions for these patients.


Methods 
A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a multi-stage stratified randomized sampling in Shandong Province, China. The Diabetes Empowerment Scale-Short Form (DES-SF) was used to measure patients’ self-efficacy to manage diabetes. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to explore the observed classes of self-management behaviors (dietary control, physical exercise, regular medication and self-monitoring of blood glucose). A two-class solution for self-management behaviors was tested to be the fittest based on LCA; we labelled active and inactive self-management groups. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to examine the associations between self-efficacy and self-management behaviors.


Results 
A total of 2166 T2DM patients were included in the analysis. The mean DES-SF score was 31.9 (standard deviation: 5.2). The estimated proportions of T2DM in the active and inactive groups were 54.8% and 45.2%, respectively. The multivariate logistic regression showed that higher DES-SF score was significantly associated with higher possibility of active self-management behaviors (odds ratio = 1.06; 95% confidence interval: 1.04–1.08).


Conclusions 
Self-efficacy in managing diabetes is associated with self-management behaviors among Chinese T2DM patients. To improve self-management behaviors, multiple strategies should be conducted to improve patients’ self-efficacy.

/pdf/the-association-between-self-efficacy-and-self-management-33q8laen1f.pdf

The association between self-efficacy and self-management behaviors among Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes.

A growing body of research indicates that mindfulness training can have beneficial effects on critical aspects of psychological well-being, cognitive function, and brain health. Although these benefits have been generalized to the population level, individual variability in observed effects of mindfulness training has not been systematically investigated. Research on other similar forms of psychological intervention demonstrates that individual differences are prominent in terms of intervention responsiveness and outcomes. Furthermore, individual characteristics such as personality traits have been shown to play a crucial role in influencing the effects of intervention. In light of these lines of evidence, we review representative work on individual differences in mindfulness training and advocate for an individual difference perspective in mindfulness training research. We discuss relevant empirical evidence of individual differences potentially influencing behavioral outcomes of mindfulness training, focusing on both cognitive function and psychological well-being. Finally, theoretical considerations and potentially fruitful research strategies and directions for studying individual differences in mindfulness training are discussed, including those involving cognitive neuroscience methods.

/pdf/towards-an-individual-differences-perspective-in-mindfulness-3cd91khvct.pdf

Towards an Individual Differences Perspective in Mindfulness Training Research: Theoretical and Empirical Considerations.

The current research sought to validate the Chernyshenko Conscientiousness Scales (CCS), a novel measure designed to assess six facets of conscientiousness. Data from 7,569 U.S. participants and 649 U.K. participants were analyzed to assess the internal reliability and factorial structure of the scales. Test-retest reliability, convergent and divergent validity, and criterion-related validity were also evaluated using a separate U.K. sample (n = 118; n = 80 for test-retest). The results showed that those items designed to measure industriousness, order, self-control, traditionalism, and virtue were best represented by a five-factor structure, broadly consistent with the five scales. However, the content and structure of the responsibility scale requires further investigation. Overall, the CCS has the potential to be a useful alternative to the faceted measures of conscientiousness that are currently available. However, future research is required to refine a number of problematic items and to clarify which facets can be better described as interstitial dimensions between conscientiousness and other Big Five domains.

/pdf/the-chernyshenko-conscientiousness-scales-a-new-facet-3tmdhxmgzw.pdf

The Chernyshenko Conscientiousness Scales: A New Facet Measure of Conscientiousness.

Research consistently demonstrates that sexual minority status is associated with increased risk of problematic substance use. Existing literature in this area has focused on group-specific minority stress factors (e.g., victimization and internalized heterosexism). However, no known research has tested the incremental validity of personality traits as predictors of substance use beyond identified group-specific risk factors. A sample of 704 sexual minority adults was recruited nationally from lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning community organizations and social networking Web sites and asked to complete an online survey containing measures of personality, sexual minority stress, and substance use. Hierarchical regression models were constructed to test the incremental predictive validity of five-factor model personality traits over and above known sexual minority risk factors. Consistent with hypotheses, extraversion and conscientiousness were associated with drug and alcohol use after accounting for minority stress factors, and all factors except agreeableness were associated with substance use at the bivariate level of analysis. Future research should seek to better understand the role of normal personality structures and processes conferring risk for substance use among sexual minorities. (PsycINFO Database Record

/pdf/the-role-of-personality-in-predicting-drug-and-alcohol-use-2ei8fm69e9.pdf

The Role of Personality in Predicting Drug and Alcohol Use Among Sexual Minorities

Objectives To determine the role of adherence and its significance in the relationship between self-efficacy and self-management of diabetic patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) in Taiwan. Design Descriptive and correlational survey design. Setting Three outpatient clinics in Taiwan. Participants Patients diagnosed with diabetes undergoing CABG at least 6 months before the study, 18 years of age or older, able to communicate verbally without any psychiatric problems, and with a life expectancy longer than 1 year. Main outcome measures Self-management assessment (self-efficacy for managing disease and adherence to guidelines and medication measured on a scale of 0–8), the higher aspects of self-management (keeping appointments, taking medication properly and keeping follow-up appointments) and the lower aspects of self-management (inability to share decisions with primary physician, inability to take correct actions when symptoms worsen and inability to adapt habits to improve health). Results The mean score obtained for self-management among the 166 participants was 6.48, with 57 (34.3%) of them showing non-adherent behaviour. Self-efficacy accounts for 38% (R 2 =0.380, F(1,103)=63.124, p 2 =0.540, F(2,102)=56.937, p 2 =0.589, F(6.98)=23.399, p 2 =0.641, F(14,90)=11.457, p 2 =0.674, F(17,87)=10.599, p Conclusions The results confirm strong relationships between self-efficacy, adherence and self-management, with adherence having a significant mediating effect in post-CABG patients with diabetes in Taiwan.

https://heartasia.bmj.com/content/heartasia/4/1/114.full.pdf

The role of adherence in the relationship between self-efficacy and self-management in diabetic patients undergoing CABG in Taiwan

Background Compared to their non-diabetic peers, diabetic patients who undergo coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) face greater complications and poorer outcomes Identifying related risk factors is essential to improving post-CABG outcomes in this vulnerable population Improving self-efficacy and compliance can further improve patient outcomes over the long term Purpose This study compared differences in self-efficacy predictors and compliance between diabetic and non-diabetic patients who received coronary artery bypass surgery Method We used a cross-sectional design with convenience sampling A total of 350 patients were recruited from two medical centers and one teaching hospital Instruments used included a demographics questionnaire, chronic disease self-efficacy questionnaire and compliance scale SPSS 170 for Windows was used to analyze data Results Results found self-efficacy positively associated with compliance in both groups The non-diabetic group had higher self-efficacy and lower compliance than the diabetic group In the diabetic group, gender, compliance, education, employment status and marital status were all predictors of self-efficacy, with self-efficacy the single predictor of compliance In the non-diabetic group, compliance, primary care provider, education, time since surgery, gender and exercise were predictors of self-efficacy Self-efficacy, primary care provider, employee status prior surgery were all predictors of compliance Conclusions Results provide valuable information regarding the impact of diabetes on CABG patient outcomes and differences in predictors of self-efficacy and compliance between diabetic and non-diabetic patients Healthcare providers can promote healthy behavior and enhance quality of life by providing patient support tailored to their characteristics and considering the factors associated with better self-efficacy vs compliance

Difference in predictors of self efficacy and compliance between diabetic and non diabetic patients who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery

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The role of adherence in the relationship between self-efficacy and self-management in diabetic patients undergoing CABG in Taiwan

Difference in predictors of self efficacy and compliance between diabetic and non diabetic patients who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery