General functional connectivity: Shared features of resting-state and task fMRI drive reliable and heritable individual differences in functional brain networks.

http://dbm.neuro.uni-jena.de/pdf-files/Franke-NI12.pdf

Brain maturation: predicting individual BrainAGE in children and adolescents using structural MRI.

The 2 major language-relevant cortical regions in the human brain, Broca's area and Wernicke's area, are connected via the fibers of the arcuate fasciculus/superior longitudinal fasciculus (AF/SLF). Here, we compared this pathway in adults and children and its relation to language processing during development. Comparison of fiber properties demonstrated lower anisotropy in children's AF/SLF, arguing for an immature status of this particular pathway with conceivably a lower degree of myelination. Combined diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data indicated that in adults the termination of the AF/SLF fiber projection is compatible with functional activation in Broca's area, that is pars opercularis. In children, activation in Broca's area extended from the pars opercularis into the pars triangularis revealing an alternative connection to the temporal lobe (Wernicke's area) via the ventrally projecting extreme capsule fiber system. fMRI and DTI data converge to indicate that adults make use of a more confined language network than children based on ongoing maturation of the structural network. Our data suggest relations between language development and brain maturation and, moreover, indicate the brain's plasticity to adjust its function to available structural prerequisites.

/pdf/neuroanatomical-prerequisites-for-language-functions-in-the-3qlgw9jb75.pdf

Neuroanatomical Prerequisites for Language Functions in the Maturing Brain

Intrinsic connectivity, commonly measured using resting-state fMRI, has emerged as a fundamental feature of the brain. However, largely due to practical limitations, many studies do not collect enough resting-state data to generate reliable measures of intrinsic connectivity necessary for studying individual differences. Here we present general functional connectivity (GFC) as a method for leveraging shared features across resting-state and task fMRI and demonstrate that GFC is substantially more reliable than intrinsic connectivity estimated from typically available resting-state data alone (i.e., 5-10 minutes). We further demonstrate that the increase in reliability gained through GFC boosts predictive utility by accounting for upwards of 200% more variance in the domain of intelligence. Our work suggests that GFC represents an opportunity to improve the reliability and predictive utility of fMRI for mapping individual differences, and that collection of resting-state and task scans need not be a zero-sum competition when designing future studies.

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2018/05/26/330530.full.pdf

General Functional Connectivity: shared features of resting-state and task fMRI drive reliable individual differences in functional brain networks

Functional neuroimaging provides a remarkable tool to allow us to study cognition across the lifespan and in special populations in a safe way. However, experimenters face a number of methodological issues, and these issues are particularly pertinent when imaging children. This brief article discusses assessing task performance, strategies for dealing with group performance differences, controlling for movement, statistical power, proper atlas registration, and data analysis strategies. In addition, there will be discussion of two other topics that have important implications for interpreting fMRI data: the question of whether functional neuroanatomical differences between adults and children are the consequence of putative developmental neurovascular differences, and the issue of interpreting negative blood oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) signal change.

The “Task B problem” and other considerations in developmental functional neuroimaging

Purpose:
Head motion during functional MRI scanning can lead to signal artifact, a problem often more severe with children However, the documentation for the characteristics of head motion in children during various language functional tasks is very limited in the current literature This report characterizes head motion in children during fMRI as a function of age, sex, and task

Methods:
Head motion during four different fMRI language tasks was investigated in a group of 323 healthy children between the age of 5 and 18 years A repeated measures ANOVA analysis was used to study the impact of age, sex, task, and the interaction of these factors on the motion

Results:
Pediatric subjects demonstrated significantly different amounts of head motion during fMRI when different language tasks were used Word-Picture Matching, the only task that involved visual engagement, suffered the least amount of motion, which was significantly less than in any of the other three tasks; the latter were not significantly different from each other Further examination revealed that the main effect of language task on motion was significantly affected by age, sex, and their interaction

Conclusion:
Our results suggest that age, sex, and task are all associated with the degree of head motion in children during fMRI experiments Investigators working with pediatric patients may increase their success by using task components associated with less motion (eg, visual stimuli), or by using this large scale dataset to estimate the effects of sex and age on motion for planning purposes Hum Brain Mapp 2009 © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/hbm.20616

Quantification of head motion in children during various fMRI language tasks

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Quantification of head motion in children during various fMRI language tasks