https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/4C45DDB6CAB367EB9A2DD91E4FEF13C9/S0264180100000904a.pdf/div-class-title-schizophrenia-manifestations-incidence-and-course-in-different-cultures-a-world-health-organization-ten-country-study-div.pdf

Schizophrenia: manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures. A World Health Organization ten-country study.

Size of burden of schizophrenia and psychotic disorders.

We present the results of a review of the literature concerning gender differences in age at the onset of schizophrenia. In view of the very consistent finding that the first admission to hospital for schizophrenia occurs on average earlier in men than in women we examined the question whether this is due to the fact that the psychosis manifests itself earlier in men or that the period between first manifestation and admission to hospital is shorter than in women. By means of a metaanalytic approach we then looked for evidence for the existence of local or temporal variations in the degree of gender difference. Lastly, we dealt with the question whether gender differences in age of onset can be observed in other functional psychoses.

Gender differences in age at onset of schizophrenia. An overview.

Cell motility drives many biological processes, including immune responses and embryonic development. In the brain, microglia are immune cells that survey and scavenge brain tissue using elaborate and motile cell processes. The motility of these processes is guided by the local release of chemoattractants. However, most microglial processes retract during prolonged brain injury or disease. This hallmark of brain inflammation remains unexplained. We identified a molecular pathway in mouse and human microglia that converted ATP-driven process extension into process retraction during inflammation. This chemotactic reversal was driven by upregulation of the A(2A) adenosine receptor coincident with P2Y(12) downregulation. Thus, A(2A) receptor stimulation by adenosine, a breakdown product of extracellular ATP, caused activated microglia to assume their characteristic amoeboid morphology during brain inflammation. Our results indicate that purine nucleotides provide an opportunity for context-dependent shifts in receptor signaling. Thus, we reveal an unexpected chemotactic switch that generates a hallmark feature of CNS inflammation.

Adenosine A2A receptor mediates microglial process retraction

The sexual dimorphism of the human corpus callosum (CC) is currently controversial, possibly because of difficulties in morphometric analysis. We have reinvestigated the issue by using morphometric techniques specially designed to yield objective measurements of CC size and shape. The development of the CC was studied with similar techniques in order to investigate whether its final shape and size might be influenced by axonal elimination, as could be expected from previous animal studies.



We have measured the CCs of 32 men and 26 women; 27 male and 19 female CCs were from brain tissue, the others were from magnetic resonance imaging graphs. Women tended to have (1) a smaller cross-sectional callosal area (CCA); (2) a larger fraction of CCA in the posterior fifth of the CC; (3) more slender CCs; and (4) more bulbous splenia. These differences could not be detected by simple inspection but were demonstrated by measurement and statistical analysis. However, CCA was correlated with the other sexually dimorphic parameters, and the sex-related differences in the latter became nonsignificant when variations in CCA were factored out or when male and female populations with similar CCA were compared.



In addition, we analyzed CCs of 16 male and 16 female fetuses and of 13 male and 15 female infants and children. This sample ranged in age between 20 weeks of gestation and 14 years but covered in detail the period up to 14 months after birth. CCA increased throughout the latter period but decreased slightly between about 33 weeks of gestation and the beginning of the second postnatal mouth. This decrease coincided with thinning of the CC and a marked increase in bulbosity of the splenium. No sexual dimorphism could be demonstrated until the beginning of the postnatal period. In the age group between birth (at term) and the 14th month, CCA was, as in the adult, larger in males. Unlike in the adults, the CC was longer in males and the bulbosity index was the same in the two sexes. Axonal elimination may play a role in the perinatal pause in CCA growth and in the concomitant changes in callosal shape.

Forms and measures of adult and developing human corpus callosum: is there sexual dimorphism?

Handbuch, der Psychiatrie

/pdf/ergebnisse-der-neurologie-und-psychiatrie-xtwza4oiqm.pdf

Ergebnisse der Neurologie und Psychiatrie

Jahresbericht über die leistungen und fortschritte auf dem gebiete der neurologie und psychiatrie

Le Corps Calleux

Archives of Neurology and Psychopathology

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