The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is an independent organization devoted to the development of standards.

American Society for Testing and Materials

European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation.

Recommended guidelines for uniform reporting of data from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: the ‘Utstein style’

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been consistently linked to psychiatric difficulties in children and adults. However, the long-term effects of ACEs on mental health during the early adult years have been understudied. In addition, many studies are methodologically limited by use of non-representative samples, and few studies have investigated gender and racial differences. The current study relates self-reported lifetime exposure to a range of ACEs in a community sample of high school seniors to three mental health outcomes–depressive symptoms, drug abuse, and antisocial behavior–two years later during the transition to adulthood. The study has a two-wave, prospective design. A systematic probability sample of high school seniors (N = 1093) was taken from communities of diverse socioeconomic status. They were interviewed in person in 1998 and over the telephone two years later. Gender and racial differences in ACE prevalence were tested with chi-square tests. Each mental health outcome was regressed on one ACE, controlling for gender, race/ethnicity, and SES to obtain partially standardized regression coefficients. Most ACEs were strongly associated with all three outcomes. The cumulative effect of ACEs was significant and of similar magnitude for all three outcomes. Except for sex abuse/assault, significant gender differences in the effects of single ACEs on depression and drug use were not observed. However, boys who experienced ACEs were more likely to engage in antisocial behavior early in young adulthood than girls who experienced similar ACEs. Where racial/ethnic differences existed, the adverse mental health impact of ACEs on Whites was consistently greater than on Blacks and Hispanics. Our sample of young adults from urban, socio-economically disadvantaged communities reported high rates of adverse childhood experiences. The public health impact of childhood adversity is evident in the very strong association between childhood adversity and depressive symptoms, antisocial behavior, and drug use during the early transition to adulthood. These findings, coupled with evidence that the impact of major childhood adversities persists well into adulthood, indicate the critical need for prevention and intervention strategies targeting early adverse experiences and their mental health consequences.

/pdf/adverse-childhood-experiences-and-mental-health-in-young-2wz2tgtsat.pdf

Adverse childhood experiences and mental health in young adults: a longitudinal survey

Basic life support (BLS) is the foundation for saving lives following cardiac arrest. Fundamental aspects of BLS include immediate recognition of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) and activation of the emergency response system, early cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( CPR ), and rapid defibrillation with an automated external defibrillator ( AED) . Initial recognition and response to heart attack and stroke are also considered part of BLS. This section presents the 2010 adult BLS guidelines for lay rescuers and healthcare providers. Key changes and continued points of emphasis from the 2005 BLS Guidelines include the following: 

Despite important advances in prevention, SCA continues to be a leading cause of death in many parts of the world.1 SCA has many etiologies (ie, cardiac or noncardiac causes), circumstances (eg, witnessed or unwitnessed), and settings (eg, out-of-hospital or in-hospital). This heterogeneity suggests that a single …

Part 5: Adult Basic Life Support

Principles of Emergency Medical Dispatch

INTRODUCTION: Emergency medical vehicle collisions (EMVCs) occurring during initial response and with patient transport have been a long-standing problem for emergency medical services (EMS) systems. Experience suggests "wake-effect" collisions occur as a result of an EMS vehicle's transit, but do not involve the emergency medical vehicle (EMV). Substantiating the existence and magnitude of wake-effect collisions may have major implications regarding the manner of EMV response. HYPOTHESIS: Paramedics will report that wake-effect collisions do occur and that they occur more frequently than do EMVCs. METHODS: Design: Survey analysis. Participants: Thirty paramedics employed by the Salt Lake City (Utah) Fire Department and 45 paramedics employed by Salt Lake County Fire Department. Geographic Area: Service area has population of 650,000 and is urban, suburban, and rural. Measurements: The survey consisted of three open-ended questions concerning years on the job, EMVCs, and wake-effect collisions. Analysis: The mean value for the number of EMVCs and wake-effect EMVCs, along with the 0.95 confidence intervals (0.95 CI) were determined. RESULTS: Seventy-three surveys were analyzed. Sixty EMVCs and 255 wake-effect collisions were reported. Overall, the mean value for the number EMVCs per respondent was 0.82 (0.60-1.05) and for wake-effect collisions 3.49 (2.42-4.55). The mean values for EMVC's for each service were 0.86 (0.50-1.38); 0.80 (0.50-11.0). For wake-effect collisions the mean values were 4.59 (2.83-6.35); and 2.76 (1.46-4.06) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the wake-effect collision is real and may occur with greater frequency than do EMVCs. Significant limitations of this study are recall bias and misclassification bias. Future studies are needed to define more precisely wake-effect collision prevalence and the resulting "cost" in regards to injury and vehicle/property damage. Language: en

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S1049023X00037791

The wake-effect--emergency vehicle-related collisions.

Effect of a Comprehensive Quality Management Process on Compliance With Protocol in an Emergency Medical Dispatch Center

Emergency Medical Dispatching

Running "hot" and the case of Sharron Rose.

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