An exciting frontier in quantum information science is the creation and manipulation of bottom-up quantum systems that are built and controlled one by one. For the past 30 years, we have witnessed significant progresses in harnessing strong atom-field interactions for critical applications in quantum computation, communication, simulation, and metrology. By extension, we can envisage a quantum network consisting of material nodes coupled together with infinite-dimensional bosonic quantum channels. In this context, there has been active research worldwide to achieve quantum optical circuits, for which single atoms are wired by freely-propagating single photons through the circuit elements. For all these systems, the system-size expansion with atoms and photons results in a fundamental pathologic scaling that linearizes the very atom-field interaction, and significantly limits the degree of non-classicality and entanglement in analog atom-field quantum systems for atom number N 1. The long-term motivation of this MSc thesis is (i) to discover new physical mechanisms that extend the inherent scaling behavior of atom-field interactions and (ii) to develop quantum optics toolkits that design dynamical gauge structures for the realization of lattice-gauge-theoretic quantum network and the synthesis of novel quantum optically gauged materials. The basic premise is to achieve the strong coupling regime for a quantum many-body material system interacting with the quantized fields of an optical cavity. Our laboratory effort can be described as the march towards “many-body QED,” where optical fields acquire some properties of the material interactions that constrain their dynamical processes, as with quantum field theories. While such an effort currently do not exist elsewhere, we are convicted that our work will become an essential endeavor to enable cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) in the bona-fide regime of quantum many-body physics in this entanglement frontier. In this context, I describe an example in Chapter 2 that utilizes strong RydbergRydberg interactions to design dynamical gauge structures for the quantum square ice models. Quantum fluctuations driven by cavity-mediated infinite-range interaction stabilize the quantum-gauged system into a long-range entangled quantum spin liquid that may be detected through the time-ordered photoelectric statistics for photons leaking out of the cavity. Fractionalized “spinon” and “vison” excitations can be manipulated for topological quantum computation, and the emergent photons of artificial QED in our lattice gauge theoretic system can be directly measured and studied. The laboratory challenge towards strongly coupled cavity Rydberg polaritons encompasses three daunting research milestones that push the technological boundaries beyond

Towards many-body physics with Rydberg-dressed cavity polaritons

Today there is no agreement on which, if any, of the several known realist interpretations of quantum mechanics is the correct one, and disagreement on this matter is not merely verbal, but substantial. However, I will show that the interpretations share a common aim: to recover the classical world given that it is quantum. This aim responds to implicit and well-entrenched philosophical intuitions that can be phrased in terms of intertheory relations, traditionally involving theory reduction, in philosophy, and the quantum-classical limit, in the foundations of physics. However, not one of those notions is free from controversies, and many contest that there is a smooth transition from the quantum to the classical. Hence, the account of the relationship between quantum mechanics and classical mechanics is an unresolved problem, and the philosophical character of the underlying framework can be contested. This thesis will offer a critical analysis of current well-known realist interpretations and will also put forward an alternative framework. I will critically examine traditional views on intertheory relations and the recent view of interstructuralism. My main claim will be that the role of intertheory relations is overrated, because a more basic question has to be answered first: 'what is a quantum system?'. That will motivate my novel view. I will critically evaluate and defend an alternative view based on the philosophy of Werner Heisenberg. The view proposes that physical theories should be regarded as "closed" systems. This has immediate implications for how we should understand intertheory relations in general, as well as scientific realism in particular. My view will appear radical in comparison to traditional views of quantum mechanics. Yet, I will examine fruitful comparison with forms of realism such as perspectivism and metaphysical pluralism. I shall conclude with indications for future work.

Realism and Intertheory Relationships: Interstructuralism, Closed Theories and the Quantum-Classical Limit

This work investigates the fundamental processes induced in nanoparticles by highly intense and short light pulses. Xenonclusters with radii in a range from 20 to 90 nm are used as model systems. The interaction of clusters with short wavelength pulses from a Free-Electron Laser (FEL) as well as with pulses in near infrared regime is studied. In addition, to study the temporal development of some processes, a doublepulse configuration with both pulses is utilized. The experiment was conducted at the Free-Electron Laser FLASH at DESY (Hamburg, Germany). During the interaction with the pulses, the clusters are fully destroyed. As one of the residuals of the interaction, ions provide insight into all timescales of the cluster development. The ions are detected with an ion-time-of-flight spectroscope. This ion spectroscopy was complemented by the detection of the diffraction images induced by the short wavelength pulse scattering on the cluster. The diffraction images, however, are mainly used for sorting and characterizing the data. The emphasis of this work lies on the analysis of un-averaged data. The signatures blurring, caused by averaging over the cluster ensemble and the focal density distribution, can be avoided, thus granting deeper insight into the dynamics involved. When extreme ultraviolet FEL pulses scatter on larger clusters, a diffraction image is produced, which allows size identification for the hit cluster. Since the diffraction signals strength is proportional to cluster size, small-cluster abundance is underestimated when deducting cluster-size-variance from diffraction images. In this work a correction is developed to rectify this. For all wavelengths larger than cluster diameter, absolute determination of the most important initial parameters, cluster size and laser intensity, is very difficult. Because of this, methods have been developed here to sort spectra of single incidents at least relative to each other according to these parameters. Through the sorting-by-size made possible by this it now could be shown that recombination and shell ablation are highly competing processes in the hydrodynamic expansion, and that their relation is highly sizedependent. The double-pulse experiment has shown that for positive time delays (pulse 1: 13.5 nm, pulse 2: 800 nm), in addition to the stimulation of the Mie-resonance known from other experiments, an additional increased absorption takes place at larger time delays. Analysis of the single events showed that the increased ion yield arises from shock wave emissions. In this work shock waves were first observed experimentally in noble gas clusters. Shock waves are also attributed to resonant excitation of the mie plasmon. According to the current explanation model there can be only one resonant excitation, and because resonance is observed at two points of time, there is a inconsistency between theories. In this work a new approach for an explanation model is presented, and in conclusion an experiment for its verification is proposed.

Untersuchung der Expansionsdynamik einzelner Xenoncluster induziert durch hochintensive Lichtpulse aus dem Infrarot- und weichen Röntgenbereich

Chaotic transport in Rydberg atoms, trapping in molecules

Alternate contraction and drastic expansion, ie, `breathing' of electronic subshells, the effects of fusion of two subshells into one subshell and its subsequent fission (splitting) into the original subshells, as well as multiple alteration of the order of subshells in confined semifilled shell atoms with a progressively narrowing confinement are theoretically discovered The confinement is represented by a repulsive penetrable spherical potential of an inner radius $r_{0}$ The effects are exemplified by calculated data for confined semifilled shell atoms from the second, third and fourth rows of Mendeleev's table - Li, N, P and Cr atoms with semifilled ${2\rm s}^{1}$, ${2\rm p}^{3}$, ${3\rm p}^{3}$ and ${3\rm d}^{5}$ subshells, respectively - for the completeness of the study The underlying physics behind the discovered effects is explained

Confinement induced orbital breathing, fusion, fission and re-ordering in semifilled shell atoms

Highly Excited Atoms: Preface

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Highly Excited Atoms: Preface