Phase synchronization between alpha and beta oscillations in the human electroencephalogram.

Droughts remain a threat to grape yields in South Africa. Previous studies on the impacts of climate on grape yield in the country have focussed on the impact of rainfall and temperature separately; meanwhile, grape yields are affected by drought, which is a combination of rainfall and temperature influences. The present study investigates the impacts of drought on grape yields in the Western Cape (South Africa) at district and farm scales. The study used a new drought index that is based on simple water balance (Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index; hereafter, SPEI) to identify drought events and used a correlation analysis to identify the relationship between drought and grape yields. A crop simulation model (Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator, APSIM) was applied at the farm scale to investigate the role of irrigation in mitigating the impacts of drought on grape yield. The model gives a realistic simulation of grape yields. The Western Cape has experienced a series of severe droughts in the past few decades. The severe droughts occurred when a decrease in rainfall occurred simultaneously with an increase in temperature. El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) appears to be an important driver of drought severity in the Western Cape, because most of the severe droughts occurred in El Nino years. At the district scale, the correlation between drought index and grape yield is weak (r≈−0.5), but at the farm scale, it is strong (r≈−0.9). This suggests that many farmers are able to mitigate the impacts of drought on grape yields through irrigation management. At the farm scale, where the impact of drought on grape yields is high, poor yield years coincide with moderate or severe drought periods. The APSIM simulation, which gives a realistic simulation of grape yields at the farm scale, suggests that grape yields become more sensitive to spring and summer droughts in the absence of irrigation. Results of this study may guide decision-making on how to reduce the impacts of drought on food security in South Africa.

/pdf/impacts-of-drought-on-grape-yields-in-western-cape-south-go2cxzl0gd.pdf

Impacts of drought on grape yields in Western Cape, South Africa

Unbounded and bounded designs of asynchronous unison systems are discussed. It is shown that both systems are stabilizing in the sense that their steady state behaviors do not depend on their initial states. The systems can therefore tolerate memory and reconfiguration faults that may yield them in arbitrary states. It is also shown that unison systems are useful in designing multiphase systems. >

Asynchronous unison

Stabilizing phase-clocks

We study a new problem---the wakeup problem---that seems to be fundamental in distributed computing. We present efficient solutions to the problem and show how these solutions can be used to solve the consensus problem, the leader-election problem, and other related problems. The main question we try to answer is ``How much memory is needed to solve the wakeup problem?'' We assume a model that captures important properties of real systems that have been largely ignored by previous work on cooperative problems.

The Wakeup Problem

Assume that the processes communicate through shared variables; contentions for access (read or write) to a shared variable by different processes are resolved arbitrarily but fairly (i.e., any process attempting to read/write a shared variable will do so eventually). Nothing may be assumed about the initial values of the shared variables. In the absence of this requirement, the following simple algorithm suffices: A counter variable c is initially 0; c is incremented by 1 whenever a process completes a phase; a process begins its phase (k + 1) only if c ≥ k × N , where N is the number of processes. One of the applications of phase synchronization is to initialize the variables of a multiprocess system before any variable is read, where different processes initialize different portions of the shared store. Here, initialization may be thought of as the first phase and regular computation as the second phase. In order to solve such problems, we assume nothing about the initial values of shared variables. Phase synchronization arises in a variety of problems (in addition to the shared store initialization problem described above). It is a basic paradigm for constructing synchronous systems out of asynchronous components: A PRAM, for instance, consists of processes that read a common store, compute, and write the common store in one step; steps are synchronized in the sense that no process begins its next step until all processes have completed their current step. Another application of phase synchronization is to abort a computation if a process detects a condition under which the computation should be aborted; it simply does not complete its current phase, thus preventing the remaining processes from starting their next phase. It is easy to take global snapshots [1] or system

Phase synchronization

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Phase synchronization