New Opportunities for the Drilling Industry Through Innovative Emulsifier Chemistry

Emulsifier Developed from Waste Vegetable Oil for Application in Invert-Emulsion Oil based Mud


 Primary emulsifiers are an integral part of an invert emulsion (water in oil) oil based mud system. These are a class of long chain fatty acids and their derivatives. Primary function of an emulsifier in invert emulsion invert emulsion oil based mud system is to minimize the interfacial tension (IFT) between water and oil to have a stable emulsion which is an important quality of oil based mud. Water droplets are surrounded by these long chain fatty acids like an encapsulation. Fatty acids have hydrophilic head group and hydrophobic head group. The hydrophilic end groups are in contact with the surface of water droplets while the hydrophobic tail groups extend into oil phase thereby forming an osmatic cell. Only water can pass through the osmatic cell wall but not salts. Tall oil fatty acid (TOFA) are the most widely used commercially available emulsifiers which shows excellent emulsion stability even at harsh conditions such as high temperature and high pressure. TOFA is a by product of paper industry. Vegetable oil is also a good source of fatty acids present in the form of triglycerides of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids of varying carbon chain lengths. Our focus on this work is to utilize the abundant availability of used cooking/vegetable oil available for the application of emulsifier by chemical modification. A comparative study has been carried out by formulating invert-emulsion OBM using commercially available emulsifier and the emulsifier derived from used cooking/vegetable oil. The performance of emulsifier developed from waste vegetable oil has been discussed in detail.

Converting Waste Vegetable Oil to Emulsifier for Invert-Emulsion Oil Based Mud

Technical Solutions for Environmental Problems: Novel Drilling Formulations to Minimize Environmental Impact

New Approach for Completion Applications With Higher Internal Phase Inverts Utilizing Innovative Surfactants

A lime-free, high-temperature invert emulsion drilling fluid has been developed and applied successfully on 53 wells in the Gulf of Thailand (GOT). The subject drilling program included 24 wells in a field with static bottom hole temperatures (BHT) of 400°F. The fluid is run with a pH of less than 7.0, which is accomplished with the introduction of I lb./gal of citric acid and the elimination of the alkaline source (lime). The fluid was mainly developed in search for a high quality drilling mud resistant to heat degradation, therefore allowing stable borehole conditions under which to execute the open hole wireline logging program. The fluid was also developed in part to allow the possibility of logging CO 2 formation gas at the surface by utilizing a conventional mud logging unit. The ability to log CO 2 gas with surface equipment would help eliminate wireline RFT sampling runs. This could provide significant savings during the course of an extensive drilling program. The paper will discuss the development of the lime-free emulsifier package, the introduction of a new HTHP fluid loss reducer (stable in excess of 450°F) and low-end rheology modifier, the extensive lab testing, the introduction of the system to the GOT and the drilling of 53 wells. Data from 250-plus GOT slimhole wells using invert systems were studied prior to the introduction of the new system. The numerous problems that prompted the investigation for a new cost-effective fluid system will be discussed.

Novel Lime-Free Drilling Fluid System Applied Successfully in Gulf of Thailand

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Novel Lime-Free Drilling Fluid System Applied Successfully in Gulf of Thailand