Written by a team of international lawyers with extensive academic and practical experience of international criminal law, the fourth edition of this leading textbook offers readers comprehensive coverage and a high level of academic rigour while maintaining its signature accessible and engaging style. Introducing the readers to the fundamental concepts of international criminal law, as well as the domestic and international institutions that enforce that law, this book engages with critical questions, political and moral challenges, and alternatives to international justice. Suitable for undergraduate and postgraduate students, academics and practitioners in the field, and cited by the International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Court, the Special Court for Sierra Leone, the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, and the highest courts in domestic systems, this book is a must-read for anyone interested in learning more about international criminal law.

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An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure

Conservation efforts are only as sustainable as the social and political context within which they take place. The weakening or collapse of sociopolitical frameworks during wartime can lead to habitat destruction and the erosion of conservation policies, but in some cases, may also confer ecological benefits through altered settlement patterns and reduced resource exploitation. Over 90% of the major armed conflicts between 1950 and 2000 occurred within countries containing biodiversity hotspots, and more than 80% took place directly within hotspot areas. Less than one-third of the 34 recognized hotspots escaped significant conflict during this period, and most suffered repeated episodes of violence. This pattern was remarkably consistent over these 5 decades. Evidence from the war-torn Eastern Afromontane hotspot suggests that biodiversity conservation is improved when international nongovernmental organizations support local protected area staff and remain engaged throughout the conflict. With biodiversity hotspots concentrated in politically volatile regions, the conservation community must maintain continuous involvement during periods of war, and biodiversity conservation should be incorporated into military, reconstruction, and humanitarian programs in the world's conflict zones.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01166.x

Warfare in Biodiversity Hotspots

Environmental damages due to war in Ukraine: A perspective.

La guerre de l'information s'annonce comme le nouvel outil revolutionnaire qui sera utilise pour se battre dans les conflits armes. Une attaque contre les reseaux informatiques (Computer Network Attack, CNA) designe toute operation visant a perturber, refuser, degrader ou detruire l'information residente dans les ordinateurs ou les reseaux informatiques. Dans les conflits armes internationaux, les ramifications de ce genre d'attaque peuvent se reveler considerables. Cet article examine le recours aux attaques contre les reseaux informatiques dans les conflits armes internationaux. Il analyse d'abord l'applicabilite du droit international humanitaire a ces attaques, puis les effets juridiques de cette branche du droit sur le recours a telles attaques comme moyens de combat. Certains estiment que, bien qu'il n'y ait pas en droit international humanitaire de regles explicites relatives aux attaques contre les reseaux informatiques et que ces attaques n'aient pas un caractere cinetique (en d'autres termes, ces attaques ne sont pas des attaques «armees»), le droit humanitaire s'applique neanmoins si l'on tient compte de ses objectifs sous-jacents, a savoir proteger les personnes qui ne participent pas directement aux hostilites et leurs biens. Quand les attaques contre les reseaux informatiques ont pour but ou risquent de mettre en danger des personnes ou des biens proteges, le droit humanitaire devient applicable, et ces attaques relevent du jus in bello. En analysant la liceite du recours aux attaques contre les reseaux informatiques sous l'angle du droit international humanitaire, l'auteur met non seulement en lumiere les questions juridiques fondamentales (et non resolues) relatives a ce type de guerre, mais il souleve aussi des questions essentielles telles que la definition d'un conflit arme et la capacite du droit international humanitaire de reglementer des methodes et moyens de guerre nouveaux et interessants d'un point de vue conceptuel.

Wired warfare: Computer network attack and jus in bello

Question: Does the vegetation of restored salt marshes increasingly resemble natural reference communities over time? Location: The Essex estuaries, southeast England. Methods: Abandoned reclamations, where coastal defences had been breached in storm events, and current salt marsh recreation schemes were surveyed giving a chronosequence of salt marsh regeneration from 2 to 107 years. The presence, abundance and height of plant species were recorded and comparisons were made with adjacent reference salt marsh communities at equivalent elevations. Results: Of the 18 paired sites surveyed, 13 regenerated marshes had fewer species than their adjacent reference marsh, three had an equal number and two had more. The plant communities of only two de-embankment sites matched that of the reference community. 0–50 year old sites and 51–100 year old sites had fewer species per quadrat than the 101+ year sites and the reference salt marshes. There was a weak relationship between differences in species richne...

https://bioone.org/journals/applied-vegetation-science/volume-11/issue-3/2008-7-18451/The-natural-regeneration-of-salt-marsh-on-formerly-reclaimed-land/10.3170/2008-7-18451.pdf

The natural regeneration of salt marsh on formerly reclaimed land

List of illustrations List of tables List of contributors Acknowledgements Foreword Klaus Toepfer Introduction Jay E. Austin and Carl E. Bruch Part I. General Principles: Introduction Carl E. Bruch 1. The environment in wartime: an overview Christopher D. Stone Part II. The Legal Framework Section 1. Existing and Emerging Wartime Standards: Introduction Carl E. Bruch 2. The law of war and environmental damage Adam Roberts 3. War and the environment: fault lines in the prescriptive landscape Michael N. Schmitt 4. The inadequacy of the existing legal approach to environmental protection in wartime Richard Falk 5. United States Navy development of operational-environmental doctrine Captain John P. Quinn, Captain Richard T. Evans and Lt. Commander Michael J. Boock 6. In furtherance of environmental guidelines for armed forces during peace and war Arthur H. Westing Section 2. Lessons from Other Legal Regimes: Introduction Jay E. Austin 7. Peacetime environmental law as a basis of state responsibility for environmental damage caused by war Silja Voneky 8. Environmental damages under the Law of the Sea Convention Thomas A. Mensah 9. The place of the environment in international tribunals David D. Caron 10. Civil liability for war-caused environmental damage: models from United States law Jeffrey G. Miller Part III. Assessing the Impacts - Scientific Methods and Issues Section 1. Ecological and Natural Resource Impacts: Introduction Jessica D. Jacoby 11. Scientific assessment of the long-term environmental consequences of war Asit K. Biswas 12. The Gulf War impact on the terrestrial environment of Kuwait: an overview Samira A. S. Omar, Ernest Briskey, Raafat Misak and Adel A. S. O. Asem 13. War-related damages to the marine environment in the ROPME Sea Area Mahmood Y. Abdulraheem 14. War and biodiversity: an assessment of impacts Jeffrey A. McNeely Section 2. Public Health Impacts: Introduction Jessica D. Jacoby 15. Tracking the four horsemen: the public health approach to the impact of war and war-induced environmental destruction in the twentieth century Jennifer Leaning 16. Defoliants: the long-term health implications Alastair W. M. Hay 17. The impact of military preparedness and militarism on health and the environment Victor W. Sidel 18. War and infectious diseases: international law and the public health consequences of armed conflict David P. Fidler Part IV. Valuing the Impacts - Economic Methods and Issues: Introduction Eric Feldman Section 1. Ecological and Natural Resource Damages: 19. Restoration-based approaches to compensation for natural resource damages: moving towards convergence in US and international law Carol A. Jones Section 2. Public Health Damages: 20. Valuing public health damages arising from war Mark Dickie and Shelby Gerking 21. Valuing the health consequences of war W. Kip Viscusi Part V. Prospects for the Future: Introduction Jay E. Austin 22. Protecting specially important areas during international armed conflict: a critique of the IUCN Draft Convention on the Prohibition of Hostile Military Activities in Protected Areas Richard G. Tarasofsky 23. The Chemical Weapons Convention: a verification and enforcement model for determining legal responsibility for environmental harm caused by war Barry Kellman 24. International legal mechanisms for determining liability for environmental damage under international humanitarian law Jean-Marie Henckaerts 25. Waging war against the world: the need to move from war crimes to environmental crimes Mark A. Drumbl Epilogue Carl E. Bruch and Jay E. Austin Index.

The Environmental Consequences of War: Legal, Economic, and Scientific Perspectives

The environmental devastation caused by military conflict has been witnessed in the wake of the Vietnam War, the Gulf War and the Kosovo conflict. This book brings together leading international lawyers, military officers, scientists and economists to examine the legal, political, economic and scientific implications of wartime damage to the natural environment and public health. The book considers issues raised by the application of humanitarian norms and legal rules designed to protect the environment, and the destructive nature of war. Contributors offer an analysis and critique of the existing law of war framework, lessons from peacetime environmental law, means of scientific assessment and economic valuation of ecological and public health damage, and proposals for future legal and institutional developments. This book provides a contemporary forum for interdisciplinary analysis of armed conflict and the environment, and explores ways to prevent and redress wartime environmental damage.

The Environmental Consequences of War

The law of war and environmental damage

Summary The tactics of war have profound impacts on tropical forest ecosystems, and modern weapons technologies have greatly increased their destructive potential. Some legal protection is afforded by customary international law, and the international community responded to the Vietnam War by adopting, inter alia, the 1977 Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions and the 1976 Environmental Modification Convention, which prohibit “long-term” (or “long-lasting”), “widespread,” and “severe” environmental damage. Nevertheless, many regard these and other existing conventions as inadequate, especially as applied to internal conflicts. More recently, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature-World Conservation Union (IUCN) put forth a Draft Convention on the Prohibition of Hostile Military Activities in Internationally Protected Areas. This paper analyzes the IUCN Draft Convention-particularly issues of prior designation of protected areas, waiver of protection, and monitoring and enforcemen...

Legal Mechanisms for Addressing Wartime Damage to Tropical Forests

International legal mechanisms for determining liability for environmental damage under international humanitarian law

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