Torres Strait seabed and water-column data collation, bio-physical modeling and characterization: final report to the National Oceans Office

Coral reefs are complex, dynamic ecosystems occurring over a range of spatial and temporal scales. They provide a range of goods and services to mankind, including shoreline protection and support a large portion of marine life. The value of coral reefs exemplifies the need to empirically evaluate the complex interactions operating on them to efficiently manage these systems in light of anthropogenic induced climate change. This study was on Lizard Island’s coral reef system, situated within the northern lagoon of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Carbonate production is an important process, which underpins reef development and island security. Wave energy is one of the most important physical processes influencing coral reef carbonate production by flushing nutrients around the system, and removing metabolic waste. Other important functions include mechanically breaking down and transporting calcium carbonate. The empirical relationship between carbonate production and wave energy has not been addressed in the current literature and warrants a comprehensive investigation. The aim of this thesis was to employ a unique geospatial approach to combine in situ field observations, remote sensing and modelling techniques to develop a spatially continuous distribution model of coral reef calcium carbonate production and to empirically evaluate its relationship against a spatially continuous model of wave energy. Census-based methods and video samples were used to quantify carbonate production using published carbonate production rates of various benthic organisms. Individual benthic models of carbonate producing components included live coral, carbonate sand, green calcareous macroalgae and encrusting calcified algae. Regression analysis used surrogates derived from a digital elevation model of the seafloor and satellite imagery from Worldview-2 to predict the distribution of each component. The spatially continuous carbonate production model was the combined result of each benthic component layer, using their respective carbonate production rates as a weight. Comparing carbonate production and wave energy datasets was performed using global techniques and a series of transects, traversing across the entire reef platform. Results suggest that carbonate production increases with wave energy. However, transect comparisons suggest that a threshold of carbonate production occurs when wave energy exceeds 300 J/m2. These empirical results further the scientific understanding of coral reef ecosystems and can be incorporated into environmental models to predict the impacts of increased wave energy on reef and island development due to rapid climate change.

/pdf/an-empirical-evaluation-of-the-relationship-between-coral-5dd0qojf3v.pdf

An empirical evaluation of the relationship between coral reef calcium carbonate production and wave energy using geospatial techniques at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia

Low-lying reef islands formed on the rim of atolls in Kiribati appear threatened by the impacts of anticipated sea-level rise. The reef islands around Tarawa Atoll are composed of unconsolidated carbonate sediments, particularly the tests of benthic foraminifera. This thesis aims to examine the morphological development of these reef islands over a range of time scales. To achieve this aim, the following tasks were carried out: investigation of the topography and the accumulated volumes of sediment sequestered on the reef islands, reconstruction of the evolution of selected reef islands and determination of whether or not rates of sediment supply have been reduced and, examination of historical shoreline changes. The topography of the reef islands was described, based on a digital terrain model (DTM) derived from photogrammetry. Using geographical information systems (GIS), it is estimated that approximately 60 million m 3 of sediment has accumulated on the reef islands since the mid Holocene. Most reef islands show a morphology that comprises an oceanward ridge that is generally 2 to 3 m, and in some places greater than 4 m, above mean sea level (MSL). Many reef islands have a low-lying central depression. More than 50% of the land area lies below 2.4 m above MSL. The lagoonward ridge is generally 1.5 to 2.0 m above MSL. Based on the distribution of elevation classes, the hypsometry of reef islands has been examined. Most reef islands (24 of 36) show an S-shaped form with a large proportion of the reef island being in the lowest elevation range. Ten reef islands, typically the smallest are classified as platforms, with little variation in elevation across them. Only two reef islands show a more concave form with a significant proportion of low-lying areas. The evolution of three reef islands was investigated by dating individual foraminifera, Amphistegina , using radiocarbon dating by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). A program of paired AMS and amino-acid racemisation (AAR) dating was initiated to determine whether this technique could be used to augment radiocarbon analysis. The reef islands appear to commence formation about 4,500 years BP with the oldest radiocarbon ages located about three quarters of the width across reef islands of Tabiteuea and Marenanuka from the ocean side. Fossil ages from Tabiteuea, Marenanuka and Notoue becoming progressively younger towards the ocean side indicate a pattern of oceanward accretion. More recent accretion has occurred locally, particularly on the ends of the reef islands and in small embayments. Estimated AAR ages of individual Amphistegina show a range that is broadly consistent with the AMS age trend. Decreasing order of relative fossil ages is as follows: a cluster of fossils obtained from on land pits, lagoon beaches, ocean beaches and younger ages for live foraminifera. Fossils obtained from beaches of reef islands show mixed ages. South Tarawa fossils appear relatively old as they are continuously…

Morphological development of reef islands on Tarawa Atoll, Kiribati

First measurements of metabolic parameters on the Barrier Reef ecosystem at Tulear (Madagascar)

https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1618&context=smhpapers

Morphological characterisation of reef types in Torres Strait and an assessment of their carbonate production

University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong.

/pdf/torres-strait-reefs-and-carbonate-production-a-geospatial-2cdlp7skiy.pdf

Torres Strait reefs and carbonate production: a geospatial approach

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Torres Strait reefs and carbonate production: a geospatial approach