Both adipocytes and osteoblasts share the mesodermal lineage that derives from mesenchymal stem cells. Most studies investigating the mechanisms underlying the regulation of adipogenic or osteoblastogenic development focus on transcriptional pathways; little is known about the epigenetic mechanisms in this process. We thus determined the role of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC), an inhibitor of DNA methylation, in the lineage determination between adipogenesis and osteoblastogenesis. Inhibiting DNA methylation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by 5-Aza-dC significantly inhibited adipogenesis whereas promoted osteoblastogenesis. This dual effect of 5-Aza-dC was associated with up-regulation of Wnt10a, a key factor determining the fate of the mesenchymal lineage towards osteoblasts. Consistently, IWP-2, an inhibitor of Wnt proteins, was found to prevent the anti-adipogenic effect of 5-Aza-dC in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and block the osteoblastogenic effect of 5-Aza-dC in ST2 mesenchymal stem cell line. Finally, the Wnt10a 5'-region is enriched with CpG sites, whose methylation levels were markedly reduced by 5-Aza-dC. Thus we conclude that inhibiting DNA methylation by 5-Aza-dC mutual-exclusively regulates the lineage determination of adipogenesis and osteoblastogenesis by demethylating Wnt10a gene and upregulating its expression. Our study defines DNA methylation as a novel mechanism underlying adipocyte and bone cell development.

/pdf/inhibiting-dna-methylation-switches-adipogenesis-to-24cusmhbuh.pdf

Inhibiting DNA methylation switches adipogenesis to osteoblastogenesis by activating Wnt10a.

Osteoporosis and obesity are worldwide health problems. Interestingly, both are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Both the diseases have common linkage as bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells are the common precursors for both osteoblasts and adipocytes. Aging may shift composition of bone marrow by increasing adipocytes, osteoclast activity, and decreasing osteoblast activity, resulting into osteoporosis. Adipocytes secret leptin, adiponectin, adipsin, as well as proinflammatory cytokines, that contributes in pathogenesis of osteoporosis. This new concept supports the hypothesis, that the positive correlation of weight and body mass index (BMI) with bone mineral density (BMD) is not confirmed by large population-based studies. Thus, the previous concept, that obesity is protective for osteoporosis may not stand same as bone marrow fat deposition (adipogenesis) seen in obesity, is detrimental for bone health.

Obesity: Friend or foe for osteoporosis

OBJECTIVE: To develop a simple and easy-to-use tool for identifying osteoporotic women (femoral neck bone mineral density [BMD] T-scores ≤−2.5) in Latin America.

A risk assessment tool (OsteoRisk) for identifying latin American women with osteoporosis

A risk assessment tool (osterorisk) for identifying latin american women with osteoporosis

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect and correlation of anthropometric data, eating behaviors, and nutrient intake on the bone mineral density(BMD) of female college students. 349 female college students were surveyed and their age, height, and weight were an average of 20.5 years, 163.2 ㎝ and 54.0 ㎏, respectively. Their average BMI was 20.2, with 66% falling in the normal range, 21.8% classified as underweight, 8.0% as overweight, and obese individuals comprised 3.4% of the sample by BMI classification. Calcaneal BMD was measured and the average T-score was 0.117. The results of BMD measurements were normal in 268 people(76.8%), osteopenia was found in 71 individuals(20.3%), and osteoporosis in 10(2.9%), respectively. There was a significant difference in bone mineral density according to height(p<0.05) and BMI (p<0.01). There were significant differences between BMD and eating behavior, regularity of eating behaviors(p<0.05), instant food intake(p<0.05), eating out(p<0.05) and nutritional supplement intake(p<0.05). In addition, normal the group with normal BMD had a more desirable eating behavior compared to the osteopenia and osteoporosis afflicted groups. BMD had a significant difference according to the nutrient intake of calcium(p<0.05), vitamin A(p<0.05), and vitamin C(p<0.05). In conclusion, BMD showed a good correlation with height(p<0.01), BMI(p<0.01), body composition including total body water(p<0.05), FFM(p<0.05), body protein(p<0.05) and intake of calcium(p<0.05), iron(p<0.05), vitamin A(p<0.05), and vitamin C(p<0.05). Therefore, an education plan and training on balanced diets proper body weight control, and desirable eating behaviors for female college students will be needed.Key words: eating behaviors, anthropometric data, bone mineral density

http://koreascience.or.kr:80/article/JAKO201220856665298.pdf

Comparative Study of Food Behaviors and Nutrients Intake according to the Bone Mineral Density of Female University Students

Objective-To determine risk factors for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women from Mexico City. Method-The following prognostic variables for low bone density were analyzed in 400 postmenopausal women: age, body mass index (BMI), time since menopause (TM), previous and current hormone replacement therapy (HRT), previous use of corticosteroids, thyroid disease, and previous fractures. All patients were submitted to bone absorptiometry (DEXA) considering the diagnostic criteria for osteoporosis established by the WHO. All variables were analyzed in a bivariate mode, and logistic regression analysis was performed for variables that proved significant (age, TM, and BMI), estimating odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results-Age, TM and BMI resulted as significant risk factors for osteoporosis (P 48 years; TM ≤5 and >5 years; and BMI ≤32 and >32 for L1-L4 average, BMI ≤30 and >30 for femoral neck (FN), ≤27 and >27 for trochanter, and ≤32 and >32 for Ward's triangle (WT). Odds ratio (OR) for age was 1.57 at L1-L4 average (95% CI 1.01-2.47); OR for TM was 2.09 at L1-L4 average (95% CI 1.24-3.55), 2.05 at FN (95% CI 1.23-3.47) and 1.78 in WT (95% CI 1.05-2.99). OR for BMI was 0.36 at L1-L4 average (95% CI 0.17-0.80), 0.25 at FN (95% CI 0.12-0.5), 0.18 at trochanter (95% CI 0.10-0.32) and 0.29 at WT (95% CI 0.13-0.63). Conclusions-The various risk factors exerted different influences on the bone areas analyzed. Age increased the risk for lumbar spine osteoporosis, TM had a deleterious effect, while BMI showed a beneficial effect on bone density. These factors should be considered to establish the risk of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, and to decide which patients should be submitted to absorptiometry.

Osteoporosis in postmenopausal women (Mexico City): 1. Risk factors.

Objective-To analyze and validate a clinical index (CI) in postmenopausal women that will help to determine the need for bone absorptiometry. Methods-1088 postmenopausal women were studied; age, body mass index (BMI) and time since menopause (TM) were analyzed. A score was attributed to each variable (0 points if it did not increase the risk of osteoporosis or 1 point if it increased it): age ≤48 years = 0 points, >48 years = 1 point; BMI ≤32 = 1 point or >32 = 0 points for lumbar spine and Ward's triangle (WT); BMI 30 = 0 points for femoral neck (FN); TM ≤5 years = 0 points or >5 years = 1 point. In all cases, bone absorptiometry (DEXA) was done. Comparison between groups was determined by Student's t test. Regression models were used to establish possible associations between bone absorptiometry and the clinical variables studied. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results-The most highly significant differences were observed starting from 2 points in lumbar spine and FN. The most important difference in WT was detected starting from 1 point. In L1-L4 average, a significant correlation was established between the CI and age, TM, and BMI (r = 0.707; P <.001), as well as between the CI and the T score (r = 0.302; P <.001). FN analysis showed a correlation between the CI, the TM, and BMI (r = 0.720; P <.001) and between the CI and T score (r = 0.338; P <.001). WT analysis revealed a correlation between the CI and TM, and BMI (r = 0.698; P <.001) and between the CI and T score (r = 0.324; P <.001). Conclusion-It is reasonable to conclude that a score of 2 points in the lumbar spine and FN, and 1 point in WT, suggests the need for bone absorptiometry.

Osteoporosis in postmenopausal women (Mexico City): 2. Validation of a predictive clinical index.

The impact of a monophasic continuous estro-progestogenic treatment on Latin American menopausal women.

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Osteoporosis in postmenopausal women (Mexico City): 1. Risk factors.

Osteoporosis in postmenopausal women (Mexico City): 2. Validation of a predictive clinical index.

The impact of a monophasic continuous estro-progestogenic treatment on Latin American menopausal women.