The use of digital technologies has been recognized as one of the great challenges for businesses of the 21st century. This digitalization is characterized by the intensive use of information technologies in the different stages of the value chain of a sector. In this context, smart agriculture is transforming the agricultural sector in terms of economic, social, and environmental sustainability. In some countries, cooperatives, as the most common legal form of the incumbent companies, in this rather traditional low-intensive technology sector, are going to develop a relevant role in the process of adoption of these technologies. In this context, this paper provides, first, a review of the evolution of the main digital technologies, such as Internet of Things, robots, Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, and Blockchain, among others. Second, a description of the digital innovation process in agri-cooperatives in order to help them in the decision-making process, and third, a digital diagnosis tool for measuring cooperatives’ digital innovation. This tool is initially applied to two cases of agri-cooperatives in Spain. All of this contributes to a better understanding of digitalization of agri-cooperatives in the context of smart agriculture.

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/4/1325/pdf

Digitalization of Agri-Cooperatives in the Smart Agriculture Context. Proposal of a Digital Diagnosis Tool

This article analyzes the current situation of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs), which are digital currencies backed by a central bank. It introduces their current status, and how several countries and currency areas are considering their implementation, following in the footsteps of the Bahamas (which has already implemented them in its territory), China (which has already completed two pilot tests) and Uruguay (which has completed a pilot test). First, the sample of potential candidate countries for establishing a CBDC was selected. Second, the motives for implementing a CBDC were collected, and variables were assigned to these motives. Once the two previous steps had been completed, bivariate correlation statistical methods were applied (Pearson, Spearman and Kendall correlation), obtaining a sample of the countries with the highest correlation with the Bahamas, China, and Uruguay. The results obtained show that the Baltic Sea area (Lithuania, Estonia, and Finland) is configured within Europe as an optimal area for implementing a CBDC. In South America, Uruguay (already included in the comparison) and Brazil show very positive results. In the case of Asia, together with China, Malaysia also shows a high correlation with the three pioneer countries, and finally, on the African continent, South Africa is the country that stands out as the most optimal area for implementing a CBDC.

https://www.mdpi.com/2199-8531/7/1/72/pdf

Central Banks Digital Currency: Detection of Optimal Countries for the Implementation of a CBDC and the Implication for Payment Industry Open Innovation

There are different studies that point out that the price of electricity is a fundamental factor that will influence the mining decision, due to the cost it represents. There is also an ongoing debate about the pollution generated by cryptocurrency mining, and whether or not the use of renewable energies will solve the problem of its sustainability. In our study, starting from the Environmental Performance Index (EPI), we have considered several determinants of cryptocurrency mining: energy price, how that energy is generated, temperature, legal constraints, human capital, and RD and the remaining two are Asian (South Korea and Japan).

Cryptocurrency Mining from an Economic and Environmental Perspective. Analysis of the Most and Least Sustainable Countries

Digital transformation can be defined as the integration of new technologies into all areas of a company. This technological integration will ultimately imply a need to transform traditional business models. Similarly, artificial intelligence has been one of the most disruptive technologies of recent decades, with a high potential impact on business and people. Cognitive approaches that simulate both human behavior and thinking are leading to advanced analytical models that help companies to boost sales and customer engagement, improve their operational efficiency, improve their services and, in short, generate new relevant information from data. These decision-making models are based on descriptive, predictive and prescriptive analytics. This necessitates the existence of a legal framework that regulates all digital changes with uniformity between countries and helps a proper digital transformation process under a clear regulation. On the other hand, it is essential that this digital disruption is not slowed down by the regulatory framework. This work will demonstrate that AI and digital transformation will be an intrinsic part of many applications and will therefore be universally deployed. However, this implementation will have to be done under common regulations and in line with the new reality.

https://www.mdpi.com/2075-471X/10/3/70/pdf

Digital Transformation and Artificial Intelligence Applied to Business: Legal Regulations, Economic Impact and Perspective

Motorization has been escalating rapidly in developing countries, posing a severe challenge to sustainable urban mobility. In the past two decades, car-sharing has emerged as one of the most prominent alternatives to facilitate smart mobility solutions, thereby helping to reduce air pollution and traffic congestion. However, before its full-scale deployment, it is essential to understand the consumers’ acceptance of car-sharing systems. This study aimed to assess the public perception and acceptance of the car-sharing system through a stated preference (SP) questionnaire in the city of Lahore, Pakistan. The collected data contained detailed information on various service attributes of three alternative modes (car-sharing, private car, and taxi) in addition to the sociodemographic attributes of respondents. Data analysis and interpretation were performed using econometric models such as the Multinomial Logit Model (MNL), the Nested Logit Model (NL), and the Random Parameter Logit Model (RPL). Study findings revealed that several generic attributes such as travel time, travel cost, waiting time, and privacy were predicated as significant influential factors towards the adoption of car-sharing. Sociodemographic attributes, including age, education, monthly income, the individuals who had driver’s licenses, and frequency of travel in a week, were also found to be significant. The findings of the current study can provide valuable insights to stakeholders and transportation planners in formulating effective policies for car-sharing.

/pdf/analysis-of-the-influential-factors-towards-adoption-of-car-52au5m0s.pdf

Analysis of the Influential Factors towards Adoption of Car-Sharing: A Case Study of a Megacity in a Developing Country

La incorporacion de nuevas tecnologias digitales a los procesos de gestion empresarial desempena hoy en dia un factor competitivo determinante en la estrategia de cualquier entidad. Las cooperativas agroalimentarias no pueden quedar al margen de esta oportunidad y, en consecuencia, deben afrontar la transformacion digital de sus estructuras no solo para crecer sino tambien para sobrevivir en un entorno cada vez mas cambiante y competitivo. En este trabajo se presenta un estudio exploratorio cuyo objetivo principal se centra en el analisis del uso e implementacion de las nuevas tecnologias digitales en las cooperativas agroalimentarias espanolas con la finalidad de determinar su grado de transformacion digital desde una doble perspectiva: su presencia en internet y los servicios web ofrecidos. Para tal fin, se procede a la revision de los antecedentes de investigacion y posterior estudio centrado en el analisis de un conjunto amplio de parametros e indicadores sobre el uso de TIC y comercio electronico que permita determinar la situacion del sector cooperativo agroalimentario respecto del conjunto de empresas espanolas y realizar un analisis comparativo tanto a nivel territorial como intersectorial. Los resultados obtenidos revelan la existencia de cierto retraso en el grado de transformacion digital de las cooperativas agroalimentarias cuya magnitud se encuentra condicionada por el tamano y el subsector donde desarrollan su actividad.

/pdf/la-transformacion-digital-en-el-sector-cooperativo-26ji2fglmg.pdf

La transformación digital en el sector cooperativo agroalimentario español: situación y perspectivas

Collaborative economy, a society service? Involvement with ethics and the common good

The global tourism reality is changing, and not only because of the COVID‐19 pan-demic This reality is especially representative in countries such as Spain, which are highly de-pendent on the income generated by the tourism sector In these destinations, it is necessary to seek innovation and specialization in the sector in order to achieve new business models This need is even more pressing in destinations overcrowded by the sun and beach effect, as is the case of Mallorca The proposed work combines the concepts of sports tourism with the development of a wealth‐generating business model that will contribute to promoting a tourism that is sustainable, environmentally friendly and deseasonalized On the other hand, the proposed work will contribute to promoting integration and equality in the participation of women in sports through the development of a model based on the promotion of women’s football Using the methodology of case analysis, the results of all the approaches outlined are provided, and we obtained a wealth‐generation model that is easily replicable and sustainable over time This work provides a solution to the combination of a sustainable business model that links responsible tourism, the promotion of women’s sport and the generation of wealth © 2021 by the authors

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0760/10/4/117/pdf

Entrepreneurship, sport, sustainability and integration: A business model in the low‐season tourism sector

Nuevas tecnologías educativas al servicio del enfoque pedagógico "Flipped learning"

Resumen es: En las ultimas decadas, la configuracion del denominado “Estado de bienestar” y su sostenimiento financiero se ha constituido en un factor comun de preoc...

La Economía Social ante el nuevo paradigma de Bienestar social

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