Microemulsions are relatively stable carrier agents for bioactive components. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of oil-in-water (O/W) microemulsions as carriers of α-tocopherol compounds in variations of α-tocopherol concentration, pH, and dilution. The O/W microemulsion was made from a mixture of surfactants (Tween 80, Tween 20, and Span 80) with virgin coconut oil (VCO) in a ratio of 85:15 with a total volume of 5 mL added with 10 mL of distilled water. The research used a randomized block design (RBD). The data were analyzed using ANOVA and continued with Tukey's test and regression analysis. Treatments in microemulsion were the addition of α-tocopherol with concentrations of: 0.25, 1.50, 1.75 and 2.0%. Observations were made on the turbidity index values, appearance, droplet diameter, and microemulsion stability. In addition, observations were made on the stability of the microemulsion at variations of pH (4.5, 5.5, 6.5), and dilution (10, 50, and 100 times). The results showed that the microemulsion was able to carry α-tocopherol compounds up to a concentration of 2% with a turbidity value reaching 0.1036 ± 0.0033% with a transparent appearance. A mixture of three surfactants (Tween 80, Tween 20 and Span 80) has the ability to increase droplet stability. The α-tocopherol microemulsion had a droplet diameter below 30 nm and stayed stable against the effects of centrifugation at pH 4.5 with dilutions up to 50 times and remained stable upto pH 6.5 with dilutions between 50 – 100 times. 

Microemulsion Characteristics of Oil-in-Water with Surfactants as α-tocopherol Carriers

Loading of alpha-tocopherol in a nonionic microemulsion: phase behaviour and structural characteristics

In this study, we have co-loadedatorvastatin (ATR) and quercetin (QCT) in a nonionic microemulsion. After developing a derivative ratio spectrophotometric technique for simultaneous analysis of ATR and QCT, pseudoternary phase diagram was constructed utilizing1:4 d-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) and ethanol as surfactant and cosurfactant, respectively. Oleic acid was used as oil phase. Structural characterization of the formulation was carried out along a water dilution line created in monophasic region. Characterizations at these dilution points were performed using dynamic light scattering and polarized light microscopy. The average hydrodynamic size of the optimized formulation was found to be 18.9 nm and it did not change upon loading of ATR and QCT. In vitro release was assessed for the formulations loaded with different ratios of ATR and QCT, and the data were fitted to different mathematical models. Interestingly, we noticed differences in release kinetics during changes in dose ratios, particularly for QCT. Higuchi kinetics, observed at equal dose, shifted to Korsmeyer-Peppas model at higher QCT-ATR ratio (2:1 and 4:1). This difference is attributable to the ability of QCT molecules of overwhelming the interface at higher concentrations. Altogether, our observations highlight that the ratio of payloads should be selected carefully in order to avoid unpredictable release patterns. 

A nonionic microemulsion co-loaded with atorvastatin and quercetin: Simultaneous spectroscopic analysis and payload release kinetics.

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Loading of alpha-tocopherol in a nonionic microemulsion: phase behaviour and structural characteristics

A nonionic microemulsion co-loaded with atorvastatin and quercetin: Simultaneous spectroscopic analysis and payload release kinetics.