Статья посвящена вопросам влияния власти на поведение человека. Авторы рассматривают данные различных источников, в которых увеличение власти связывается с напористостью, а ее уменьшение - с подавленностью. Конкретно, власть ассоциируется с: а) позитивным аффектом; б) вниманием к вознаграждению и к свойствам других, удовлетворяющим личные цели; в) автоматической переработкой информации и резкими суждениями; г) расторможенным социальным поведением. Уменьшение власти, напротив, ассоциируется с: а) негативным аффектом; б) вниманием к угрозам и наказаниям, к интересам других и к тем характеристикам я, которые отвечают целям других; в) контролируемой переработкой информации и совещательным типом рассуждений; г) подавленным социальным поведением. Обсуждаются также последствия этих паттернов поведения, связанных с властью, и потенциальные модераторы.

Power, approach, and inhibition. Власть, напористость и подавленность

In his seminal book, Shewhart (1931) makes no demand on the distribution of the characteristic to be plotted on a control chart. How then can we explain the idea that normality is, if not required, at least highly desirable? I believe that it has come about through the many statistical studies of control-chart behavior. If one is to study how a control chart behaves, it is necessary to relate it to some distribution. The obvious choice is the normal distribution because of its ubiquity as a satisfactory model. This is bolstered by the existence of the Central Limit Theorem.

Sampling: Design and Analysis

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/pds.4297

Good practices for real-world data studies of treatment and/or comparative effectiveness: Recommendations from the joint ISPOR-ISPE Special Task Force on real-world evidence in health care decision making

When the outcome is binary, psychologists often use nonlinear modeling strategies such as logit or probit. These strategies are often neither optimal nor justified when the objective is to estimate causal effects of experimental treatments. Researchers need to take extra steps to convert logit and probit coefficients into interpretable quantities, and when they do, these quantities often remain difficult to understand. Odds ratios, for instance, are described as obscure in many textbooks (e.g., Gelman & Hill, 2006, p. 83). I draw on econometric theory and established statistical findings to demonstrate that linear regression is generally the best strategy to estimate causal effects of treatments on binary outcomes. Linear regression coefficients are directly interpretable in terms of probabilities and, when interaction terms or fixed effects are included, linear regression is safer. I review the Neyman-Rubin causal model, which I use to prove analytically that linear regression yields unbiased estimates of treatment effects on binary outcomes. Then, I run simulations and analyze existing data on 24,191 students from 56 middle schools (Paluck, Shepherd, & Aronow, 2013) to illustrate the effectiveness of linear regression. Based on these grounds, I recommend that psychologists use linear regression to estimate treatment effects on binary outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

/pdf/logistic-or-linear-estimating-causal-effects-of-experimental-55znyy9e0r.pdf

Logistic or linear? Estimating causal effects of experimental treatments on binary outcomes using regression analysis.

If memory serves and I am not deceived by 20/20 hindsight, this prediction seemed far-fetched to me even in 1979, and it has, of course, been thoroughly disproved by the event. We now have a chess program that can beat almost anyone — soon, perhaps, with a little more speed, some more fine-tuning, one or two more clever search heuristics, a program that can beat absolutely anyone — built on the narrowest possible principles. Deep Blue not only has no idea of talking about poetry; it not only has no capacity for learning or abstraction; but indeed it knows astonishingly little about chess. The program has no idea of strategies, tactics, gambits, or forks; it cannot answer elementary questions about chess such as “If a bishop is now on a black square, will it ever be on a white square?” or “Is there a position in which white can mate black, if it is white’s move, and black can mate white, if it is white’s move?” or even “What is checkmate?” All that it can do is to generate a next move of extraordinary quality.

The Retrospective Review

Researchers need to select high-quality research designs and communicate those designs clearly to readers. Both tasks are difficult. We provide a framework for formally "declaring" the analytically relevant features of a research design in a demonstrably complete manner, with applications to qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods research. The approach to design declaration we describe requires defining a model of the world (M), an inquiry (I), adatastrategy(D), andananswerstrategy(A). Declaration of these features in code provides sufficient information for researchers and readers to use Monte Carlo techniques to diagnose properties such as power, bias, accuracy of qualitative causal inferences, and other "diagnosands." Ex ante declarations can be used to improve designs and facilitate preregistration, analysis, and reconciliation of intended and actual analyses. Ex post declarations are useful for describing, sharing, reanalyzing, and critiquing existing designs. We provide open-source software, DeclareDesign, to implement the proposed approach.

/pdf/declaring-and-diagnosing-research-designs-5ck412hr1x.pdf

Declaring and Diagnosing Research Designs.

Access to natural resources creates a political conflict between the expected economic winners and their environmental opponents, but the effects of such conflict on policy and politics remain uncl

/pdf/the-broad-impact-of-a-narrow-conflict-how-natural-resource-2b218onytp.pdf

The Broad Impact of a Narrow Conflict: How Natural Resource Windfalls Shape Policy and Politics

Significance In most societies, religious leaders play an influential role in the construction of gender norms. One setting in which they exert their influence is the premarital or couples counseling course. We hypothesized that if leaders offered a more progressive religious interpretation of gender roles during these courses, emphasizing the need for men to improve their relationships by balancing power and decision-making with their spouses, violence would reduce. We find that when Christian leaders in Uganda offered these types of courses, power shifted from men to women, and intimate partner violence decreased by five percentage points a year later. Given the ubiquity of premarital counseling within churches, the intervention has the potential to reach a massive audience.

Religious leaders can motivate men to cede power and reduce intimate partner violence: Experimental evidence from Uganda

Fast Estimators for Design-Based Inference [R package estimatr version 0.26.0]

On the road to revolution: How did “depoliticised” Egyptians become revolutionaries?

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