A novel method: Nickel and cobalt extraction from citric acid leaching solution of nickel laterite ores using oxalate precipitation

The production of critical metals for emerging clean technologies also requires more sustainable, cleaner and cost-effective processing options. The recovery of cobalt (Co) via pyrometallurgical or hydrometallurgical methods has proved to be successful and practicable; nevertheless, these processes are difficult to manage, have a high operating cost, and produce secondary waste products. In recent years, bioleaching has increasingly gained favor as a method for extracting Co from ores, concentrates, and tailings. The availability of Co in primary and tailings resources, as well as the bioleaching approaches from these deposits are discussed in this paper. Bioleaching of Co has been investigated from primary sources such as Cu-Co deposits, polymetallic Ni-Co-Cu deposits, Co sulfides and arsenides, Ni-Co laterites, and secondary sources including tailings materials. The microorganisms and methods utilized in Co bioleaching from these sources, as well as parameters influencing the bioleaching process, and ways for improving Co bioleaching efficiency, have all been thoroughly discussed in this review. This study examines the potential of different microorganisms to solubilize Co from sulfide and laterite deposits by performing an in-depth meta-analysis of the individual research findings to enable inter-study comparisons and identify research gaps. The reviewed laboratory studies and existing industrial practices for Co bioleaching in this paper intend to offer some inspiration for further research into innovative technologies that may be used to sustainably extract Co, mainly from ores, concentrates and tailings resources. 

A Comprehensive Review on Cobalt Bioleaching from Primary and Tailings Sources

The aim of this study was to precipitate goethite from high-iron(II)-bearing atmospheric and heap leach solutions of lateritic nickel ore generated either by reductive leaching of the ore or by reducing Fe(III) of the leach solution to Fe(II) using a suitable reducing agent and to understand the Ni and Co losses during the iron precipitation. Removal of Fe was carried out using an oxidative hydrolysis technique targeting goethite precipitation from a synthetic laterite leach solution containing Fe as ferrous (Fe(II)), Al, Mg, Ni, Co, Cr, Mn, Cu, and Zn using limestone as the neutralizing agent and air as an oxidant. The behavior of goethite precipitation and the losses of Ni and Co were examined under various conditions of pH, temperature, and Fe concentration. The precipitation of Fe increased with increasing pH, temperature, and feed Fe(II) concentration. Precipitation at pH ∼4.0–4.1 (measured at ambient temperature) and 90 °C resulted in ∼96–97% Fe removal from a feed solution containing more than 50 g/L Fe(II), giving ∼1 g/L Fe in the final liquor. Goethite formation was confirmed as a result of the Fe precipitation, and it appeared to take place via ferrihydrite/schwertmannite intermediate phases. The crystallinity of the goethite increased with time, temperature, and feed Fe(II) concentration. The goethite precipitate was found to be associated with an alunite phase. Losses of Ni and Co during Fe precipitation increased with pH, temperature, and feed Fe(II) concentration. The losses were significant above pH 4 and found to be ∼7–22% Ni and 4–19% Co in the pH range 4.1–5. The test results indicate that efficient Fe removal via goethite precipitation can be achieved from reduced atmospheric and heap leach solutions of laterite ore; however, careful pH control is required to minimize the loss of Ni and Co during this precipitation.

Iron Removal as Goethite from Synthetic Laterite Leach Solutions

Valuable metals substance flow analysis in high-pressure acid leaching process of laterites

Efficient removal of iron during partial neutralization of nickel laterite acid leach solution: DFT calculation and experimental verification of mechanism

An investigation into potential pathways for nickel and cobalt loss during impurity removal from synthetic nickel laterite pressure acid leach solutions via partial neutralisation

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An investigation into potential pathways for nickel and cobalt loss during impurity removal from synthetic nickel laterite pressure acid leach solutions via partial neutralisation