There is actually a common consensus in using biological technologies for the treatment of organic wastes. For instance, composting is used for aerobic biological stabilisation of organic wastes. The amount of materials and the variety of wastes composted are increasing. However, composting is inherently a process generating gaseous emissions. Greenhouse gases (GHG) such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide from compost are of special relevance for global warming. Although a part of these gases is inherent to the process, another important part can be abated by low-cost biological technologies such as biofiltration and its variations. This article reviews the emission of GHG from composting gases, from detection and measurement to minimisation and abatement. Special emphasis is given to the measurement of GHG to obtain reliable emission factors for the different composting technologies. These factors will help to compare different waste treatment options based on overall analysis tools such as life cycle assessment. A specific chapter is related to carbon and nitrogen dynamics in the composting matrix, and their consequences on the production of carbon and nitrogen gases. Finally, we present a review of the best available practices to minimise the GHG emissions from composting and the final treatment of composting off-gases.

/pdf/greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-organic-waste-composting-4k3zwrx0tu.pdf

Greenhouse gas emissions from organic waste composting

https://air.unimi.it/bitstream/2434/687916/2/CONTI_Measurements%20techniques%20and%20models%20to%20assess%20odor%20annoyance%20A%20review_2020.pdf

Measurements techniques and models to assess odor annoyance: A review.

Trace gas emissions from municipal solid waste landfills: A review

https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2014/196174/biotec_a2014m11v172p260-268.pdf

Gaseous emissions in municipal wastes composting: effect of the bulking agent.

https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2013/196167/biotec_a2013m11v147p43.pdf

A systematic study of the gaseous emissions from biosolids composting : raw sludge versus anaerobically digested sludge

The cumulative emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) resulting from natural decay of selected green waste, i.e. grass clippings, woodchips and prunings, and from composting of the same feedstock were studied. The results indicated that terpenes were the only compounds emitted from the feedstock as they underwent natural breakdown as well as during their composting. Even though there was a wide array of compounds emitted, the results suggested that the following six terpenes i.e., α-pinene, β-pinene, 3-carene, camphene, β-myrcene, and D-limonene, were the most significant compounds encompassing 32.7 to 95.3% of the total emissions. The cumulative VOC emissions varied considerably from a batch to another ranging 11.0 to 347.4 mg/kg-dw expressed as α-pinene. The composting of the same materials in different blends resulted in cumulative emissions ranging from 18.1 to 106.6 mg/kg-dw as α-pinene, representing 60 to 92% reduction compared to the biogenic emissions resulting from natural decay.

Biogenic Emissions from Green Waste and Comparison to the Emissions Resulting from Composting Part II: Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

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Biogenic Emissions from Green Waste and Comparison to the Emissions Resulting from Composting Part II: Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)