Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have arousing interest because of their high theoretical energy density. However, they often suffer from sluggish conversion of lithium polysulfides (LiPS) during the charge/discharge process. Single nickel (Ni) atoms on nitrogen-doped graphene (Ni@NG) with Ni-N4 structure are prepared and introduced to modify the separators of Li-S batteries. The oxidized Ni sites of the Ni-N4 structure act as polysulfide traps, efficiently accommodating polysulfide ion electrons by forming strong Sx 2- ⋅⋅⋅NiN bonding. Additionally, charge transfer between the LiPS and oxidized Ni sites endows the LiPS on Ni@NG with low free energy and decomposition energy barrier in an electrochemical process, accelerating the kinetic conversion of LiPS during the charge/discharge process. Furthermore, the large binding energy of LiPS on Ni@NG also shows its ability to immobilize the LiPS and further suppresses the undesirable shuttle effect. Therefore, a Li-S battery based on a Ni@NG modified separator exhibits excellent rate performance and stable cycling life with only 0.06% capacity decay per cycle. It affords fresh insights for developing single-atom catalysts to accelerate the kinetic conversion of LiPS for highly stable Li-S batteries.

Single Nickel Atoms on Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Enabling Enhanced Kinetics of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

The lithium- and manganese-rich (LMR) layered structure cathodes exhibit one of the highest specific energies (≈900 W h kg−1) among all the cathode materials. However, the practical applications of LMR cathodes are still hindered by several significant challenges, including voltage fade, large initial capacity loss, poor rate capability and limited cycle life. Herein, we review the recent progress and in depth understandings on the application of LMR cathode materials from a practical point of view. Several key parameters of LMR cathodes that affect the LMR/graphite full-cell operation are systematically analyzed. These factors include the first-cycle capacity loss, voltage fade, powder tap density, and electrode density. New approaches to minimize the detrimental effects of these factors are highlighted in this work. We also provide perspectives for the future research on LMR cathode materials, focusing on addressing the fundamental problems of LMR cathodes while keeping practical considerations in mind.

Li- and Mn-Rich Cathode Materials: Challenges to Commercialization

Enhancing Catalytic Activity of Titanium Oxide in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries by Band Engineering

A Comprehensive Understanding of Lithium–Sulfur Battery Technology

The inherent technical challenges of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have arisen from the intrinsic redox electrochemistry occurring on the Li and S electrodes, which can significantly deteriorate the S utilization and life cycle. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials composed of atomic or near-atomic thickness with infinite lateral dimensions have been proven to be meritorious as emerging materials for energy storage applications due to their unique structures, remarkable physical properties, and tunable surface chemistry. Herein, we argue that surface functionalization or heteroatom doping of 2D materials, hybridization with other nanostructured materials (0D quantum dots, 1D nanotubes/nanowires, and other 2D nanosheets), and finally architecting into 3D structures along with the advantages of 2D building blocks can open up new opportunities for Li–S batteries. We also focus on the future directions of Li–S batteries in the design of S cathodes and separators utilizing the intrinsic and extrinsic properties of 2D nanomaterials.

Rational design of two-dimensional nanomaterials for lithium–sulfur batteries

High Specific Energy Lithium Primary Batteries as Power Sources for Deep Space Exploration

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/2.0941702jes/pdf

Metal Sulfide-Blended Sulfur Cathodes in High Energy Lithium-Sulfur Cells

Radiation effects on lithium CFX batteries for future spacecraft and landers

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/2.0161512jes/pdf

Aluminum Borate Coating on High-Voltage Cathodes for Li-Ion Batteries

New Separators in Lithium/Sulfur Cells with High-Capacity Cathodes

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